1. Section II: From Republic to Empire (Pages 132 - 137) This section is about: This section is about: How conflicts between military leaders and political parties led to war in Rome. How conflicts between military leaders and political parties led to war in Rome. How Octavian ’ s leadership led to the building of the Roman Empire and many years of peace. How Octavian ’ s leadership led to the building of the Roman Empire and many years of peace. The 200 years Rome enjoyed peace, expansion, and prosperity. The 200 years Rome enjoyed peace, expansion, and prosperity.

2. Start by reading the “ Main Ideas ” on page 132. Start by reading the “ Main Ideas ” on page 132. We won ’ t look at most of it in class, but look at pages 136 and 137 (especially “ Life of a Roman Soldier”). There started to be some problems in the Republic of Rome. There started to be some problems in the Republic of Rome. Two tribunes (brothers) tried to change some laws (to help the poor), but the nobles wouldn ’ t agree to the changes. Two tribunes (brothers) tried to change some laws (to help the poor), but the nobles wouldn ’ t agree to the changes. One brother was murdered and the other died in a riot. One brother was murdered and the other died in a riot. Eventually, civil war came to Rome. Eventually, civil war came to Rome.

3. Major Changes for Rome The Roman Army started getting strong. The Roman Army started getting strong. Marius was elected Consul (and was also a great military leader). Marius was elected Consul (and was also a great military leader). He was elected over and over again - even though he should have had to wait 10 years in between. He was elected over and over again - even though he should have had to wait 10 years in between. One of his big changes was with his legions – who he gave many rewards to. One of his big changes was with his legions – who he gave many rewards to. They ended up being more loyal to his than they were to Rome. They ended up being more loyal to his than they were to Rome. A group of 5000 soldiers

4. Julius Caesar formed a group (with Pompey and Crassus) This “ Triumvirate ” was going to try and control the government. This “ Triumvirate ” was going to try and control the government. Crassus was killed though – so then Julius Caesar and Pompey got into a struggle for power. Crassus was killed though – so then Julius Caesar and Pompey got into a struggle for power. Group of three people who share powers

5. Caesar took his army and went to conquer Gaul (France today) While he was gone, Pompey ordered him to disband his army and come home. Caesar refused – he knew he ’ d have no power without his army. While he was gone, Pompey ordered him to disband his army and come home. Caesar refused – he knew he ’ d have no power without his army. He eventually came back to Italy – Pompey and his supporters went to Greece – where Caesar’s army found them and defeated them. He eventually came back to Italy – Pompey and his supporters went to Greece – where Caesar’s army found them and defeated them. The Roman senate was so happy with Julius Caesar, they voted him “ dictator for life. ” The Roman senate was so happy with Julius Caesar, they voted him “ dictator for life. ” Julius Caesar ’ s life: time line

6. As dictator, Julius Caesar did many important things He improved Roman ’ s lives. He improved Roman ’ s lives. Created new jobs Created new jobs Gave more people citizenship Gave more people citizenship Gave public land to the poor. Gave public land to the poor. Re-organized Rome ’ s territories. Re-organized Rome ’ s territories. Made a new calendar – we call it the Julian Calendar. Made a new calendar – we call it the Julian Calendar. We even have a month called July. We even have a month called July.

7. But everything wasn ’ t perfect Many senators were worried about Caesar ’ s ambition – and that he was becoming too powerful. Many senators were worried about Caesar ’ s ambition – and that he was becoming too powerful. On March 15 th, 44 BC, two of Caesar's friends, Brutus and Cassius assassinated him. On March 15 th, 44 BC, two of Caesar's friends, Brutus and Cassius assassinated him. This date is known as “ the Ides of March. ” This date is known as “ the Ides of March. ” The Life of Julius Caesar Horrible Histories: The Assassination of Julius Caesar

8. Julius Caesar had a grandnephew – Octavian (18 when Caesar was assassinated) Octavian and Marc Antony (Roman general) defeated Brutus and Cassius in a battle in Greece. Octavian and Marc Antony (Roman general) defeated Brutus and Cassius in a battle in Greece. But then, Octavian and Marc Anthony get in a struggle for power and they fought. But then, Octavian and Marc Anthony get in a struggle for power and they fought. Octavian eventually defeated Marc Antony (and his “friend” Cleopatra of Egypt). Octavian eventually defeated Marc Antony (and his “friend” Cleopatra of Egypt).

9. Octavian knew it would be a bad idea to call himself “ king ” He called himself “ princeps ” – which means “ first citizen. ” He called himself “ princeps ” – which means “ first citizen. ” He kept the senate (but he controlled it) and in exchange, they called him Augustus (which means “ revered ” ). He kept the senate (but he controlled it) and in exchange, they called him Augustus (which means “ revered ” ). His reign brought peace and stability to Rome. His reign brought peace and stability to Rome. This time is even called the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) This time is even called the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)

10. The Augustan Age is a golden age of Ancient Rome Made the tax system more fair (set up a census). Made the tax system more fair (set up a census). Built many new roads (and kept them safe). Built many new roads (and kept them safe). Chased pirates off the seas. Chased pirates off the seas. More trade – even to India and China. More trade – even to India and China. More building and town planning. More building and town planning. More impressive art, poetry, literature. More impressive art, poetry, literature. Luke 2:1: In those days, Caesar Augustus made a law. It required that a list be made of everyone in the whole Roman world…

11. Augustus did have trouble finding someone who could succeed him. When Augustus died in 14 AD, his stepson succeeded him. When Augustus died in 14 AD, his stepson succeeded him. Tiberius had a bad personality and was unpopular. Tiberius had a bad personality and was unpopular. His successor – Caligula was assassinated after 4 years. His successor – Caligula was assassinated after 4 years. Both were cruel and brutal leaders. Both were cruel and brutal leaders. Next: Claudius – conquered what is now England. Next: Claudius – conquered what is now England. Then, Nero – who was blamed for a fire that destroyed much of Rome. Then, Nero – who was blamed for a fire that destroyed much of Rome. Eventually Titus – who was fairly popular (and built the colosseum – the largest arena in the world and the center of social life in Rome). Eventually Titus – who was fairly popular (and built the colosseum – the largest arena in the world and the center of social life in Rome).

15. From 100 to 200 (AD) Rome had “ Five Good Emperors ” Below describes this time period (from: “ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ” ): Below describes this time period (from: “ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ” ): “ Their united reigns are possibly the only period in history in which the happiness of a great people was the sole object of government ” “ Their united reigns are possibly the only period in history in which the happiness of a great people was the sole object of government ” (Page 135 in our books)

17. Horrible Histories: Decimation