1. What must be accomplished to win any war? Must defeat the enemies: 1.Ability to fight AND/OR 2.Will to fight

2. Civil War A country torn apart Chapter 11

3. Collapse of the Union November, 1860 – Abraham Lincoln elected January, 1861 – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede or formally withdraw from the Union –J–Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of America April, 1861 – Attack on Fort Sumter –L–Lincoln supplies the Federal fort with supplies (no weapons) –S–South Carolina troops fire on the fort forcing its surrender Marks the start of the Civil War –L–Lincoln calls for troops and Virginia secedes from the Union May, 1861 – Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee secede from the Union –W–Western counties of Virginia secede from Virginia and West Virginia admitted into the Union –S–Slave States of Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and Missouri stay with the Union

4. Secession Union States Border States Confederate States Union Territories Applying for statehood – undecided Union Territories – permitted slavery

5. Why did the South Secede? South felt overpowered by Northern political, industrial, and economic (banking) strength –F–Fear that Lincoln, Republicans and abolitionist Yankees, who owned the banks and factories, would set prices to the point that whites would become slaves to free blacks Southern way of life threatened by Northern control of Congress Slavery Issue – States’ rights v. National Government power Race-baiting – talk of black control of the South

6. The Plans Union Plan –A–Anaconda Plan – a three part plan designed to crush the South 1.Set up a naval blockade to cut off supplies in or out 2.Split the Confederacy in two by gaining control of the Mississippi River 3.Capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia Confederate Plan –F–Fight a defensive war, but attack when possible

7. North v. South Population21.5 million 9 million (3 million slaves) Economy Industrial and Commercial North, Agricultural West Agricultural Military leaders: Political leaders: Weak Good Weak Type of War Offensive Patriotic Defensive Patriotic LocationContiguous “home country” How did the South ever think they would win against the North?

8. Colonies v. England Population3 Million8 million Economy Commercial & Agricultural Manufacturing, agricultural & commercial Military leaders: Political leaders: Inexperienced Average Type of War Defensive Patriotic Offensive Location“Home” country Across Atlantic 3000 miles away Remember the Past

9. Significant Events of the Civil War July 1861 – First Battle of Bull Run November, 1861 – George B. McClellan named General-in-Chief of Union February, 1862 – Union offensive opened in the West – Ulysses S. Grant March, 1862 – battle of ironclad ships –Union Monitor v. Merrimac April, 1862 – Battle of Shiloh –Union casualties = 13,000 –Confederate casualties = 11,000 War going to be much more costly than expected June, 1862 – Seven Days’ Battle –McClellan within 20 miles of Richmond, but Lee drives him away August, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run –Confederates defeat Union troops and push them back to Washington D.C. Lee goes on the offensive, but a copy of his plans fall into Union hands September, 1862 – Battle of Antietam –Single bloodiest day of the war – 10,000 casualties on each side –Lee retreats Turning point of war as likelihood of European recognition of the South is reduced

10. Foreign Affairs Trent Incident –Confederate diplomats travel aboard a British merchant ship (the Trent) in order to gain British recognition of the Confederacy Trent is stopped by Union naval ship and the two diplomats are arrested –Britain threatens war against the Union and sends 8000 troops into Canada »Lincoln orders the men to be released and claims the Union commander acted alone

11. Emancipation??? Abolitionists attempt to convince Lincoln that victory without abolishing slavery would be no victory at all Lincoln felt he had no Constitutional authority to abolish slavery where it already existed –H–However, Lincoln uses his Constitutional war powers to “end slavery” Emancipation Proclamation signed Jan. 1, 1863 –D–DID NOT END SLAVERY!!! Applied only to areas controlled by the Confederacy –W–Was a military action that allowed for the freeing of slaves in rebelling areas only

12. If the Emancipation Proclamation didn’t free any slaves, then what impact did it have? Discourages Britain from recognizing the Confederacy Turned the war from preserving the Union to a moral war of abolishing slavery Free Blacks now able to enlist in the regular army Northern Democrats felt it would only antagonize the South (it did) –M–Most Northerners accepted it, feeling it was necessary to save the Union Now total victory needed in order to win – no chance for compromise

13. Political Dissent Copperheads – Northern Democrats that advocated peace with the South Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus (right to court hearing to be told reason for arrest) – using war powers Federal troops used to maintain civilian order and telegraph offices seized Conscription – a draft that would force citizens to serve in the army –$–$300 fee to avoid conscription in the North –O–Owned over 20 slaves one could avoid draft in South –B–Bounty – fee paid by Northern States to get volunteers to fight Became rich man’s war at the poor man’s expense –R–Riots erupt in NYC

14. Blacks Join the War North –1–1862 – Blacks allowed to serve in the military – low turn out –E–Emancipation Proclamation increases black volunteers –D–Discriminated against – serve in all black units with white officers Assigned to manual labor at lower pay High death rates – disease and executions South –S–Slave Resistance Many adult males fled to the North – women and children work Sabotage of farm equipment Refusal to follow owners fleeing from Union forces

15. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can not consecrate...we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government: of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

16. What was the result of the Civil War? Political Impact –T–Threat of secession wiped out –N–National government assumed supreme national authority and increased federal power Passed laws gaining control over individual citizens –I–Income tax, draft, suspension of habeas corpus

17. Economic Impact –E–Estimated $9 million total cost of war Equals about $125 million today –N–North Government helps big business grow –R–Railroads continue to expand and war related industries prosper Federally chartered banks established –S–South Economically devastated Majority of industries destroyed Livestock and farm machinery destroyed – thousands of acres of land uncultivated

18. Human Cost –3–360,000 lives lost on Union side Another 275,000 wounded –2–260,000 lives lost on Confederate side Another 260,000 wounded –A–Approximately 3 million served in the war Psychological effect

19. Lives –M–Most dramatic change came for blacks 13 th Amendment – “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except when convicted of a crime, shall exist in the United States” –S–Soldiers attempt to return to previous life or make a move to the opportunity offered in cities

20. April 14, 1865 Abraham Lincoln is assassinated –Shot while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre Shot by a Confederate sympathizer – John Wilkes Booth –Hunted down and shot 12 days later