1. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 INTRODUCING PLANTS Section 22-1

2. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Criteria for Kingdom Plantae  Cell type: Eukaryotes.  Cell number: Multicellular.  Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.  Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.  Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.  Some are parasitic or saprobes.

3. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Plant Life Cycle Textbook, page 552 All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations, in which the haploid gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase.

4. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations!  Haploid (N) –Gametophyte plant (N) –Produces either sperm or eggs.  (gametes = reproductive cells)  Diploid (2N) –The sperm and egg join to create the Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid. –Egg and sperm join to create spores by meiosis.

5. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Plant Survival  Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.  Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.  Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.  Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth.

6. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Evolutionary Cladogram of Plants (Angiosperms) (Gymnosperms) (Bryophytes)

7. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Overview of the Plant Kingdom The majority of plant life is ______________.

8. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 BRYOPHYTES Section 22-2

9. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Bryophytes (ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts)  Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.  Abundant in moist environments (bogs, near streams, in rain forests) because there is no vascular tissue.  Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel. (Angiosperms)

10. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Typical Moss Plant Capsule Stalk Leaflike Structure Stemlike Structure Rhizoid Sporophyte Gametophyte

11. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Life Cycle of a Moss

12. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 FERNS: Seedless Vascular Plants Section 22-3

13. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 What developed between plant divisions 1 and 2? Vascular Tissue developed! Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

14. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns  Ex. horsetails, club mosses, ferns.  Leaves are called fronds.  Undergound stems called rhizomes.  Found in moist, shaded forest areas.  Sori – clusters of sporangia (spores on the underside of fronds).

15. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Vascular Tissue  Tracheids are specialized cells that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity. –Xylem (moves water upward). –Phloem (moves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant).

16. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Typical Fern Plant

17. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Life Cycle of a Fern

18. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 GYMNOSPERMS: Seed Plants Section 22-4

19. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers  Means “naked seed”.  Includes conifers (pines & spruces) and palms (cycads & ginkgoes).  Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.

20. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Reproduction Free from Water  Second evolutionary development of plants = seeds.  Adaptations that allows seed plants to reproduce without water include: –Flowers and cones. –Transfer of sperm by pollination. –Protection of embryos in seeds.  Necessary to meet the challenges of surviving on land.

21. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Diagram of a Pine Seed Embryo Endosperm Seed Coat  Embryo –Growing part of seed containing:  Endosperm –Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed.  Seed Coat –Protective outer covering of the seed.

22. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Reproduction  Germination: early growth stage of a plant embryo.  Dormancy: period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.  Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water: –Reproduction in cones. –Movement of gametes by pollination. –Protection of embryo in a seed.

23. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Pollination  Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.

24. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Adaptations  Needles  Winged Seeds

25. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 ANGIOSPERMS: Flowering Plants Section 22-5

26. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Anthophyta: Angiosperms  Dominate plant life.  Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. –has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds. –Attracts animals which help with pollination.

27. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Diversity of Angiosperms Can be classified into: 1.Stems: herbaceous vs. woody. 2.Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials. 3.monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon.

28. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Monocots vs. Dicots

29. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Lifespans  Annuals –Complete life cycle in one year.  Biennials –Life cycle takes 2 years  Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves.  Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.  Perennials –Live through many years  May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses).  Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).

30. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Examples of Monocotyledons (Liliopsida)  Grasses which include grains such as corn and wheat.  Lilies.  Orchids.  Palms.

31. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Examples of Dicotylendons (Magnoliopsida)  Roses  Mallows  Tomatoes  Oaks  Daisies

32. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Plant Parts  Transport –Roots, stems, leaves.  Energy Production –Leaves.  Reproduction –Flowers.

33. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Roots (Transport)  Taproot: primary root grows down from the stem with secondary roots forming. –ex. carrot, potato, radish  Fibrous: small lateral roots that spread out just below surface of the soil. –ex. weeds

34. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 4 Root Functions  Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil.  Transports water & nutrients to stem.  Anchors plant to maintain stability.  Stores food and water.

35. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Outermost layer of cells Within cortex; contains cells for transport of water, nutrients, & minerals) Site of absorption Tissue that stores starch Protection of root tip Structure of Roots

36. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Stems (Transport)  Woody –Thick cell walls that support the plant. –Trees, shrubs, and vines.  Herbaceous –Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure (turgor). –Dandilions, zinnias, petunias.

37. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Stems

38. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 3 Functions of Stems  Transports water & nutrients from roots to leaves.  Supports/produces leaves, branches, fruits/flowers.  Stores food.

39. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Transport in Plants  Capillary action: the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube.  The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another (cohesion)and to the walls of the tube (adhesion).  Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.

40. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Leaves (Transport & Energy Production)  Photosynthesis –Process that plants use to produce their food. –6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  Transpiration –Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.

41. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Cuticle –Waxy outer surface; retains moisture.  Mesophyll –Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs. –Palisade layer (upper). –Spongy layer (underside). Structure of Leaves

42. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Epidermis –“Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange. –Upper and lower.  Stomata –Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange (controlled by guard cells). Structure of Leaves (cont’d)

43. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Gas Exchange in Leaves  Turgor pressure (water pressure) –Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots start to dry up. –Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.

44. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Leaf Vein Types Parallel Pinnate Palmate

45. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Flowers (Reproduction)

46. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Structure of Flowers

47. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Petals –Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands.  Sepals –Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud. Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu Typical Flower Structure

48. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Stamen contains: –Anther: produces pollen. –Filament: upholds anther. Male Plant Organ

49. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Pistil (carpels) contains: –Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach. –Style: sperm travel to ovary. –Ovary (fruit): stores ovules (eggs). Female Plant Organ

50. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Wind  Water  Animal Seed Dispersal Factors that affect seed germination:  Temperature  Moisture Flower Pollination  Animals  Wind

51. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Plant Response  Plant hormones – chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth & development.  Target cell – cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone.

52. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013 Tropisms (Response)  Tropism – response of a plant to an environmental stimulus. –Gravitotropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity. –Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light. –Thigmotropism: response of plants to touch.  Auxin – substance produced in the tip of the seedling that stimulates cell elongation.

53. Sheryl Searcy Ninth Grade Center  2013  Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.  Herbicides: auxinlike compounds in high concentrations that are toxic to plants therefore inhibiting growth.  Chemical defenses: many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals, ex. poison oak.