1. Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles

2. Advantages for the Union Advantages for the Confederacy  Advantage in Population (22 million vs. 5.5 million) –To serve in the military –To work in the factories  Better industry to produce war goods  Control of railroads  Bigger Navy than the South  Established govt and leadership  A reason to fight, the southern way of life  Strong military leaders –Robert E. Lee –General Stonewall Jackson  Fighting a defensive war on their own territory

4. Confederate Strategy  Defend the South until the North gives up  Ally with France and GB –The South needed them for the trade of cotton and protection –This never happens though

5. Union Strategy  The Anaconda Plan (3 parts) –Blockade of all Southern ports –Split the Confederacy in 2 down the Mississippi River –Take the Confederate capital of Richmond

7. Border States  Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland were slave states that had not seceded yet  These are known as border states  In order to keep them in the Union, Lincoln promised to not interfere with slavery where it existed

8. New Technologies  Theses new methods of warfare will cause a rise in the death toll  Wooden ships to ironclad…..more on this later

9. New Technologies  Mini balls replaced the cone shaped bullets  These were more accurate  These were made out of softer lead…effect?

10. New Technologies  The repeating rifle  This could be fired up to 16 times before reloading

11. New Technologies  New tactics included new marching formations and the use of trenches

12. Early Battles  The 1 st major battle occurred at Bull Run (or Manassas) in Virginia  The Confederates were able to push back the Union at this battle Some bystanders had picnics to watch the battle. They were unaware of how bloody and brutal these battles would be. The war was not as many expected

13. General Stonewall Jackson  The leader of the Confederates here was General Thomas Jonathan Jackson  His brave stance earned him the nickname “Stonewall”

14. Union Generals  Gen. George B McClellan fought for the Union in the northern parts of the Civil War  Gen. Ulysses S Grant fought for the union in the southern battles

15. Battle of Shiloh  This battle took place in Tennessee  Gen. Grant led the Union, but fought terribly  This battle horrified both sides as over 25,000 men died The “Hornets Nest” at Shiloh. Why do you think it was called this?

16. The Union Takes New Orleans  The Anaconda Plan was underway when the Union took New Orleans  This would mean that they could sail up the Mississippi River as planned

17. The Union Takes New Orleans  The Union was led by David Farragut  After this was taken, Farragut and Grant will both merge on Vicksburg

18. The Ironclads  In 1862, each side used ships made of iron, not wood  These are called Ironclads  The Monitor and Merrimack fought it out with no real results  This did, however, signal the end of the wooden ships

20. African Americans and the War

21. The Push Toward Emancipation  What would Union officers do with slaves they came across?  Gen Butler declare them contraband, or captured war supplies  Fremont freed slaves he came across General Butler

22. Antietam  Gen. Lee marched confidently into Maryland  He was hoping a victory on Union soil would force Union surrender  Also trying to reach food, supplies for his troops

23. Antietam  Lee invited Marylanders to join the Confederates  Few respond, and the Union had discovered Lee’s battle plans  Lee has now lost the crucial element of surprise

24. Antietam  September 17, 1862  23,000 soldiers lay dead or wounded by the end of the day  The bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War  Union loses more men, but Lee retreats to Virginia  Union victory

31. Emancipation Proclamation  Sept. 22, 1862 – Lincoln frees all enslaved people in states still in rebellion (not border states)  He hoped that this would cause some confederate states to surrender before it is passed  Criticism?  The war is now about slavery

32. African Americans Join the Fight  Need for soldiers led to the Militia Act  This would allow African Americans to serve in the military (but in segregated units)  54 th Massachusetts Regiment was an all volunteer, African American Regiment that served bravely  180,000 total would volunteer and serve

33. African American Soldiers  54 th Mass led by Robert Gould Shaw  Led attack on Ft Wagner, most died in this attack  One received the Congressional Medal of Honor

34. African American Soldiers  AA’s still faced discrimination  Often given little tasks (cook, clean, etc)  Fort Pillow – Captured AA soldiers (100) were massacred by the Confederacy  70,000 total AA’s died in the Civil War

35. Slaves Still Help the Union  Many whites left plantations for safety of cities  Slaves were left to farm, and were enlisted when Union forces found them  Some used as spies  Others simply leave and form own lives

37. Life During the War

38. The Northern Home Front  Impact on the Northern economy: –Paying for the military was expensive –An income tax was established to help –Also, tariffs raised to make more money and help out Northern industry –Bonds were biggest source of revenue for the govt.

39. Northern Economy  Government also began issuing paper money called “greenbacks” –Provided a single, common currency for all of the US

40. Homestead Act  Homestead Act: Made western land available at low cost –Only requirement of those buying the land was that they had to farm it for a certain amount of time

41. The first homestead was built in Nebraska Here a couple of “Soddy” homes built on the Great Plains

42. Draft Riots  1863, Union uses conscription, or a draft, to replenish troops  18-45 could be drafted, $300 dollars got you out of it  Immigrants and lower class burdened the most by the draft  Draft riots in NY(1863) was a white mob destroying the city

44. The Copperheads  Copperheads: Northerners who called for the immediate end to the Civil War  Lincoln viewed them as dangerous to the war effort  He suspended habeas corpus, allowing the military to arrest anyone suspected of disloyalty to the Union

45. The Home Front In the South  The naval blockade really made life difficult in the South –Union blockade was 80% effective –Forced southerners depend on themselves (farms, few factories) –Made difficult by war and men gone to fight  Union controlled rivers and RR’s  So transport was hard also

47. Paying For the War  With most of revenue bound by blockade, Pres. Jefferson turns to –Seizing supplies off dead bodies –Paper money issued (worthless due to inflation)

48. Southern Leaders Argue  Southern unity was weakened by all these hardships  Some states refused to obey conscription  Some states, like Georgia, even wanted to secede from the Confederacy

49. Life Of A Soldier  Camp Life –Mostly young men –Wrote letters, played games, focused on religion –Some men fighting against family or friends

50. Death Comes In Many Forms  Amputation was risky and often ended in infection or death –Harsh methods –Poor sanitation

53. Women and the War  Women took over businesses, farms, plantations, etc in the absence of men  This exposes women to jobs they had been shut out of (like teaching)  Some women pretended to be men and fought  Some stayed with husbands in camp or served as spies

55. Women and the War  Most notable role was as nurses  Clara Barton – Nursed soldiers from both sides after seeing horrors of war  She would eventually go on to found the American Red Cross

56. Turning Points of the War

57. Vicksburg, MS  Located on the Mississippi River, and preventing the Union from carrying out the Anaconda Plan  It was heavily defended and tough to overtake

58. Siege of Vicksburg  At first, Farragut and Grant repelled  Then, Grant changes his plans  Comes from the south, and distracts Confeds. By attacking RR’s in central MS  After taking Jackson (capital), Vicksburg was cut off from supplies

59. Vicksburg  Grant proceeded to surround and bombard the fortress  After about a month, the Confederates were forced to surrender  The Union would now be able to split the Confederacy in two

60. Lee Is Victorious  At Fredricksburg Va –Union = 120,000 troops –Confederacy = 80,000 troops –Confederate victory led by Lee, Jackson, and Longstreet

61. Lee Is Victorious  Chancellorsville, Va –Confederates win again –But, Jackson was shot in friendly fire, dying days later –Lee tries to seize the moment though, he invades the North in hopes of defeating the Union army

62. Battle At Gettysburg  Gettysburg, Pa –Lee is pushing northward and his troops were in search of shoes and other supplies –July 1 – Confederate forces meet Union forces just outside of Gettysburg –This decisive battle would last for 3 days

63. Gettysburg  At first, the Confederates were successful in pushing the Union back  The Confederates stopped their advance at night though, allowing the Union to bring up reinforcements  With higher ground and more troops, now the Union held advantage

64. Gettysburg  July 2 – Confederates try to attack from both ends and sandwich Union forces  Union is able to hold on though  This day was some of the fiercest fighting in the war –Gen. Chamberlain and his men were responsible for defending Little Round Top, saving the Union

65. Gettysburg  July 3 – Lee believes victory is still very near –He bombards the Union in hopes of weakening them –He then orders Gen Pickett to charge up the middle (believed to be the weakest) –“Pickett’s Charge” was a huge failure –50,000 Confederates die, Lee retreats South

67. Gettysburg Address  Lincoln came to Gettysburg later in the year to honor the fallen soldiers there  His speech focused on fulfilling the Decl. of Independence and preservation of the nation  He stated that the US was “dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”

68. Union Seeks Total Victory  US Grant was named commander of all Union forces in 1864  His goal was to march northward and take Richmond Va.  His methods were controversial as he targeted more than just soldiers

69. Total War  Total War: The military strategy that targets civilian and military objectives, with the purpose of weakening the army, economy, and morale of its enemies  Is it ethical?

70. Sherman’s March To the Sea  Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman  In 1864, he used total war to bring the South to its knees  Marched from Tennessee to Savannah Ga. With 60,000 troops

71. Sherman’s March To the Sea  His march is known as the “March to the sea”  His troops got supplies by stealing them from civilians they came across  They burned or destroyed everything else –Tore up RR tracks –Destroyed buildings –Vandalized homes “ We don’t want your negroes, your horses, or your horses or your lands…but we do want, and will have, a just obedience to the laws of the US. That we will have, and if it involves the destruction of your improvements, we cannot help it”

73. Election of 1864  Union victories in 1864 give him enough support to win the election  McClellan won 45% of vote, but Lincoln won the most electoral votes  There is no longer a chance that the Union will stop fighting

74. The War’s End and Impact

75. The War’s Final Days  The Confederates made one of their last stands at Petersburg Va. –In 1864-1865 –Union would lose 40,000+ troops –Confederacy would lose 28,000 + troops  But Lee had not replacements, the Union did

76. Siege of Petersburg  Lee eventually ordered the surrender of Petersburg  This allowed the Union to overtake Richmond, and they burned it to the ground

77. Lincoln Looks Forward  13 th amendment: This amendment outlawed all slavery in the US  The Confederates were desperate, but unwilling to accept this  Lincoln’s challenge was to readmit them into the Union, but how? –“With malice toward none”

78. Lee Surrenders To Grant  Lee hoped to regroup in NC, but his troops were demoralized and lacking supplies  On April 9, at Appomattox Court House, Va, Lee surrendered  Fighting continued, but the Confederacy would lose by June of 1865

80. Assassination of Lincoln  April 14, 1865  Lincoln attends Our American Cousin, a play in Ford’s Theatre (Wash.D.C.)  An actor, John Wilkes Booth will plot to kill him on this visit

81. Assassination of Lincoln  Booth snuck into the box in which President Lincoln was sitting  He shot Lincoln in the back of the head

82. Assassination of Lincoln  After shooting Lincoln, Booth jumped on to the stage and says…  “Sic Semper Tyrannis (Thus always to tyrants), the South is avenged”  Lincoln would die the next morning

83. Assassination of Lincoln  What followed was the largest manhunt in US history, as the search for Booth was on  He eventually was found in a barn and shot  The plot was revealed in which more government officials were targeted  The hope was to create chaos and force the Union to surrender

84. Assassination of Lincoln  Lincoln immediately became a national hero  The US would suffer though as they lost a very good leader

85. Why The North Won  Ability to utilize its better technology, population, and resources  Grant & Sherman’s ruthless tactics “changed the game”  Great leadership from Lincoln

86. The War’s Lasting Impact  600,000 Americans dead  Hundreds of thousand more wounded  Much of it seen through photography of Matt Brady –This causes us to think more before going to war

87. Effect of War On the Economy  The North experienced an economic boom during & after the war –Land Grant College Act: Govt gave $ to states to establish colleges that taught the best farming and mechanical skills –A tariff passed in 1863 protected industry and encouraged its growth

88. Effects On the Southern Economy  Many Southern cities were destroyed (Richmond, Atlanta, etc)  This meant that factories and RR’s were also destroyed, the South had to rely on the North

90. Effects On Society  Southern soldiers came home to destroyed property  Families were broken up  Some Southerners saw the Civil War as a noble and unfinished cause

91. Effects On Society  African Americans were surprised to find that freedom was not exactly what they thought it would be  Some stayed in the South, others migrated to the West (Homestead Act) or the North

92. Effects on Government and Politics  Sectional politics began to die down  We begin seeing ourselves as a nation, not a section