1. Plant Parts and their Functions

2. Leaves-Internal
Upper Epidermis: single layer of cells used to protect the leaf from loss of too much moisture.
Guard Cells: open and close the stoma to allow the leaf to breathe and transpire (will open when the plant becomes turgid)
Stoma: space or pore on the underside of the leaf that is used to exchange gases as oxygen and carbon dioxide (transpiration)
Chloroplasts: green particles that contain chlorophyll and are contained in food making cells
Chlorophyll: the green substance that gives many plants their green color and is necessary for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen. (begins the food chain process for all living things) 6CO2 + 6H kcal(kilocalorie) = 6C6H12O6 + 6O2 or carbon dioxide + water + light energy = glucose (sugar) + oxygen
Food is moved through the leaves down to the roots to be stored in the form of sugar, starch or protein.
Molecular Expressions

3. Leaves-Internal
Upper and lower epidermis-skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture
Cuticle: waxy protective coating on outer surface
Stomas-small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration
Guard Cells-open and close stomas

4. Leaves-Internal Air Space: CO2 & O2 Vein: Movement of Fluid
Xylem: transport water up
Phloem: transport glucose 4

5. Leaves-Internal
Chloroplasts-small green particles that contain chlorophyll
gives leaves their green color
necessary for photosynthesis

6. Leaves-Internal

7. Functions of Leaves
Photosynthesis-manufactures food in green plants which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things
Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light are converted to sugar and oxygen

8. Functions of Leaves
Transpiration – loss of water through the leaves or stems of plants
Transpiration exchange gases as oxygen and carbon dioxide

9. Stems Movement of Materials
Support of the leaves and reproductive structures
Food storages
Reproduction with stem cuttings or grafting

10. Stems-Internal (dicot)

11. Stems-Internal Pith-dead center of stem for support
Heartwood-old inactive xylem
Sapwood-new active xylem
Cambium-thin, green, actively growing tissue located between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells
Phloem-active
Bark-old inactive phloem

12. Stems-Internal (Translocation)
Xylem-tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to stems and leaves
Phloem-tissue that transports food down from leaves to roots
Phloem
Phloem
Xylem

13. Stems-Internal
Monocot : examples: corn, grasses
Dicot: example: trees

14. Functions of Stems
Translocation – move water and minerals from roots up to leaves & move food from leaves down to the roots
Xylem and phloem cells help with this process.

15. Functions of Stems & Leaves
Transpiration – plant lose water from leaves and stems through evaporation
Occurs in stomas and lenticels 15

16. Root Functions Anchor the plant and hold it upright
Absorb water and minerals from the soil and conduct them to the stem
Store large quantities of plant food
Propagate or reproduce some plants

17. Roots-Internal
Much like stems in that they have a phloem, cambium, and xylem layer
Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root
Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem

18. Layers of Roots Fibrous-many branched shallow roots
are easier to transplant
Tap-long root with few branched ones
more difficult to transplant

19. Functions of Roots
Absorption-take water and nutrients from the soil and conduct them to the stem
Anchor the plant and hold it upright
Store food for plant use
Asexual reproduction in some plants

20. Dioecious Male and female, imperfect flowers on same plant
Examples: Squash & Pumpkin

21. Functions of Flowers Produce seeds used for sexual reproduction
Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.)
Produce fruit to protect, nourish and carry seeds

22. Functions of Whole Plant
Respiration – the process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give of carbon dioxide.
Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.