2. Constitutional Powers The Founders recognized the need for a strong executive branch to overcome the weaknesses of the Confederation government and to hold the legislative branch in check. Article II grants the president broad but vaguely described powers. He heads the executive branch, is commander in chief, conducts foreign policy, and has judicial powers.

3. Informal Sources of Power Presidents have added to their powers by their actions; for example, Theodore Roosevelt declared his intent to do anything the needs of the nation required if such action was not expressly forbidden by the Constitution. During national crises, presidents like Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt greatly expanded the powers of the presidency as the federal government dealt with dangers facing the United States.

4. Informal Sources of Power Modern presidents claim their ideas and policies represent a mandate from the people, and they use television and other media to build support for their ideas.

5. Limits on Presidential Power The Constitution gives Congress the power to limit presidential authority by overriding a veto or impeaching and removing the president from office for clear abuse of power. The federal courts also limit the president’s power. The Supreme Court can overturn presidential actions, as it did President Truman in Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer (1952). The federal bureaucracy sometimes limits presidential power by obstructing programs or failing to carry them out properly, especially when key bureaucrats work closely with powerful congressional leaders to carry out their own programs rather than the president’s. Public opinion can limit the president’s actions, as it did with President Lyndon Johnson’s policies in Vietnam and President Clinton’s proposed national health care program. 9.1 end

6. As head of state, the president: represents the nation at ceremonial functions; B. is considered more than a politician, but rather a symbol of the entire United States.

7. As chief executive, the president: heads the 2 million person executive branch; influences how laws are executed through executive orders, presidential appointments, removal of appointed officials, and impoundment; grants pardons, reprieves, or amnesty.

8. As chief legislator, the president: proposes legislation to Congress, usually in the State of the Union Address; must work harder for congressional support when Congress is controlled by the opposition party

9. As chief legislator, the president: may use political favors to gain congressional support; has the threat of the veto to influence Congress.

10. As economic planner, the president: (page 256) A. has gained important economic powers since the New Deal; B. promotes high employment, production, and purchasing power; C. is required to prepare the federal budget each year.

11. As party leader, the president: (pages 256–257) A. helps raise party funds and plan campaign strategies; B. uses political patronage to appoint party members to government jobs.

12. As chief diplomat, the president: A. directs foreign policy and oversees foreign affairs information agencies; B. has sole power to make treaties, with Senate approval; C. may make, without congressional approval, executive agreements having the force of treaties with foreign nations; D. has the sole power to recognize foreign governments.

13. As commander in chief, the president: (pages 258–259) A. shares with Congress the power to wage war; B. makes key military policy decisions; C. supports war efforts on the home front during wars; D. may use the armed forces to end disorders or give aid in natural disasters

14. Increased Responsibilities A. Modern presidents have provided strong leadership for the nation, even though the Founders expected Congress to lead the nation. B. Presidents provide leadership in introducing bold new ideas as well as responding to crises at home and abroad.

15. Leadership Qualities and Skills A. Presidents must know and understand the people of the United States. B. Presidents must be able to communicate effectively and to explain their policies clearly in order to inspire public support. C. Presidents must know when the time is right to introduce new policies or make key decisions. D. Successful presidents must: 1. be flexible and open to new ideas; 2. be able to compromise; 3. have political courage and be willing to go against public opinion in matters they believe are vital to the nation’s interests.

16. Presidential Isolation A. The special treatment given to modern presidents risks isolating them from information and advice they should have to carry out their duties effectively. B. Presidents may discourage staffers from disagreeing with them or giving them unpleasant advice. C. Access to the president often forces top staffers and advisers to flatter the president and provide only good news and favorable opinions. D. Top staffers control access to the president. E. Dealing with White House staff requires much of the president’s time and makes it more difficult to keep in touch with the public.

17. The Use of Executive Privilege A. To keep White House discussions and advice secret, presidents invoke executive privilege to avoid giving such information to Congress or the courts. B. Modern presidents have claimed that executive privilege also protects their communications with other members of the executive branch. C. The Supreme Court has ruled that executive privilege is constitutionally based.