1. Presidential Leadership Chapter 9

2. Constitutional Powers Presidential Powers in Article II Commander in chief of the armed forces Responsible for national security Appoints heads of executive departments With Senate confirmation Conducts foreign policy Appoints federal judges Pardon or reduce sentences Ensure all laws are “faithfully executed” Deliver a State of the Union address

3. Informal Sources of Power Personal Exercise of Power Presidents expand based on their personal views Immediate Needs of the Nation Add powers to defend the nation Congress grants special powers during emergencies Mandate of the People Expressed will of the people Use media to get their message out to the people

4. Limits on Executive Power Congress can: Override a veto Confirm presidential appointees Approve the budget Use the impeachment process to remove the president from office

5. Limits on Executive Power Judicial Branch Judicial Review From Marbury v. Madison Bureaucracy Obstruct programs unintentionally by failing to provide information Misinterpret instructions Fail to complete a task properly Public Opinion Cannot carry out a program without favorable public opinion