3.  The executive branch of the Government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. 1. President 2. Vice President 3. Cabinet Members  Advises the President on policy issues and help execute those policies 4. Independent Agencies  Help execute policy or provide special services

4. RoleFunction 1. Commander in ChiefHead of nation’s armed forces (However, the president cannot declare war). 2. Chief of StateCeremonial head of government, and a symbol of all American people. 3. Chief DiplomatDirects foreign policy & is the nation’s spokesperson to the rest of the world. 4. Chief ExecutiveThe president has executive powers enumerated by the Constitution. 5. Chief LegislatorHelps shape public policy of congressional agenda. 6. Chief of the PartyIn this role, the president tends to be unifying force for the party. 7. Chief Guardian of the EconomyThe president does not control the economy, but is expected to help it run smoothly.

5.  The President is the Head of the Executive Branch and generally viewed as the head of the U.S. Government. Presidential power as outlined by the Constitution 1. Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces 2. Make treaties, with two-thirds consent of the Senate & Receive ambassadors and other public ministers from foreign countries 3. Appoint ambassadors, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, and any officials as provided for by the Congress, with the approval of the Senate 4. Give an annual State of the Union Address to Congress 5. Recommend legislation to Congress 6. Convene Congress on extraordinary occasions 7. Adjourn Congress, in cases of a disagreement about adjournment 8. “Take care that the laws be faithfully executed” 9. Fill in administrative vacancies during Congressional recesses 10. Grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the U.S.

7. EXECUTIVE POWERS DIPLOMATIC POWERS MILITARY POWERS LEGISLATIVE POWERS POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT JUDICIAL POWERS

8.  EXECUTIVE POWERS ARE THOSE POWERS THE PRESIDENT HAS AND USES TO MAKE SURE THAT FEDERAL LAWS ARE CARRIED OUT.  THEY INCLUDE: EXECUTING THE LAW APPOINTING POWER REMOVAL POWER ORDINANCE POWER

9.  THE PRESIDENT HAS THE JOB, RESPONSIBILITY, AND DUTY TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL LAWS ARE ENFORCED AND ADMINISTERED.

10. Article II Section 1 “The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.” *An EXECUTIVE ORDER is a directive, rule, or regulation that has the effect of law.  Emancipation Proclamation  Executive Order 7034  Created the WPA  Executive Order 9066  Japanese-American Internment

11.  The President has the power to appoint nearly three million federal civilian employees.  With the approval of the Senate, the president can appoint:  Judges  Cabinet Members  Ambassadors, etc.  SENATORIAL COURTESY  Presidential Appointments Need the Appointees Home Senator’s Approval “… more than 500 government positions dependent upon Senate confirmation were still vacant or filled only by “acting” officials.”

12.  The President can remove anyone from office who he has appointed.  *Cannot remove Supreme Court Justices from the bench. Andrew Johnson Vs. Sec. of War Edwin Stanton

13.  THE PRESIDENTS DIPLOMATIC POWERS CAN BE AMONG HIS MOST POWERFUL.  THEY INCLUDE: 1. Power to Make Treaties  Senate has to approve 2. Power of Executive Agreements 3. Power of Recognition

14.  *During wartime, the president can make critical decisions that he feels are necessary AS COMMANDER-in-CHIEF. Article II Section 2 of the Constitution declares the president the Commander in Chief of the Armed Services

15.  The President also has the power to send troops into combat, without approval by Congress. This is referred to as undeclared war.  War Powers Act of 1973  Presidents cannot commit combat for more than 60 days without Congress’s approval.

16.  Finally, the President can use troops for domestic peace within the United States. Governor Orval Faubus vs. President Eisenhower

17. Only Congress can write legislation; however, presidents may propose laws and programs to Congress  The President may only recommend legislation.  If he does so, then a member of Congress may introduce the bill for consideration.

18.  When Congress passes a bill in both houses, they send it to the White House.  The President has 3 options: 1. Sign the bill into law 2. Veto the bill 3. Do nothing

19. 5. JUDICIAL POWERS 1. PARDON – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS LEGAL FORGIVENESS FOR A CRIME 2. AMNESTY – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A PARDON FOR A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE 3. REPRIEVE – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS POSTPONING A SENTENCE 4. COMMUTATION- ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A REDUCTION OF A SENTENCE ACCORDING TO ARTICLE II, SECTION 2, CLAUSE 1 THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO ISSUE:

20.  Limitations by Congress  Limitations by the Court  Limitations through Bureaucracy  Limitations by Public Opinion Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer