1. Ancient Rome

2. RisingFlourishing DeclineLegacy

3. What were the geographic conditions of Ancient Rome? How would this affect unity and political rule?

4. Geographic Factors for the Rise of Rome Link between Europe and Africa: Italian Peninsula is central in Mediterranean world (halfway between east and west) Seclusion: rugged mountains separate northern Italy from the rest of Europe which provide good protection but made communication difficult Agricultural Climate: mild climate, fertile land, river beds, volcanic soil, mountain deposits Rivers: Po and Tiger allowed for transport and created borders from other peoples

9. People of Ancient Italy A small group called the Latins lived in the region of Latium These Latins were herders and farmers 2 most significant settlers in Italy were the Greeks and the Etruscans

10. Rome 9 th – 8 th Century Rome was founded at a small settlement in the Tiber River Valley = Seven Hills of Palatine

11. Founding of Rome: Video

12. Rome’s Early Kings According to the Aeneid, Aeneas carried his father from the burning city of Troy, and after searching, he finally settled in Italy Romulus was the first king of Rome in 753BC There were 7 Etruscans kings Last one was said to be very, very cruel According to tradition, he was overthrown in 509BC – and the nobles created a new government What’s going on here?

13. Early Republic RepublicDictators People elect leadersRule with absolute power Early Romans – 1 year termEarly Romans – Six month max term (?) Who is this guy? Name: Cincinnatus (483 BC) Which one is the Dictator? Answer: The Farmer. Aside from external challenges, internally, Rome was divided:

14. Early Government

15. Twelve Tables of Rome 449 BC Read the handout 1.Why would it be important to record and display the laws for citizens to see? 2.Explain how the laws in the table are similar to the laws in Canada

16. Intermission Užupis

17. Bronze Display of Rules

18. Back to Rome

19. The Roman Forum Home to government and religion, but also popular meeting place for citizens Between Palatine – richest area, and Capitoline – templest area Location of all major speeches, venders, gladiator fights, public ceremonies – kind of the centre or Roman Life Packed with people

20. The Late Republic The late republic period saw the growth of territory and trade Through wars, Rome grew beyond Italy Several crisis struck Italy during this period Top of Palatine Hill

21. Gaul Attack! 387 BC – the Gauls attack and take over Rome Rome pays them huge amounts of gold to leave More outsiders try their luck to do the same – (take over Rome and get paid to leave)

22. Never Again Rome organizes its army in legions (groups of up to 6000 soldiers Each legion was divided into centuries or groups of 100 soldiers

23. Legions The most wealthy, the first class, were the most heavily armed The lesser classes bore lesser armament and weaponry, the fifth class carrying no armour at all, solely armed with slings. The army officers as well as the cavalry were drawn from leading citizens who were enrolled as equestrians Formations: Tortoise and Wedge

24. Military Might The term auxiliaries comes from the latin word 'auxilia' (help). The Auxiliary soldiers provided the army's cavalry and light infantry; the soldiers received citizenship when they retired.

25. Wanna see some Roman organization?

26. The Punic Wars The Phoenicians founded Carthage Latin word for Phoenician – Punicus Carthaginians presence on Sicily worried Rome

27. First Punic War Rome builds big navy (to compliment its army) Defeats Carthaginian navy to take trade routes 241 BC – Carthage gives up Sicily (pays a fine) Carthage Vows Revenge!

28. Before the First Punic War To compensate for the loss of Sicily, Carthage expands into Spain Shortly After the First Punic War

29. Second Punic War Hannibal sets out for Rome 46,000 men, horses and elephants (#s ??? – why?) Romans fight at Cannae 216 and lose 40,000 men Hannibal never gets Rome Rome switches and strikes Carthage Hannibal recalled, but too late – Rome destroys Carthage

30. Third Punic War Prominent Romans call for the destruction of Carthage 146 BC it is totally destroyed and all inhabitants are killed or enslaved Land is salted Carthage territory becomes the Roman province of Africa... oh, and then they go on to take over Macedonia, Greece, and Pergamum. They now control the Maditerranean

32. Growing Unrest Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Brothers who had different ideas on how to address the growing gap between rich and poor

33. Option #1 Tiberius – wanted to create farms for poor Romans (on public land that the rich illegally owned) He was killed

34. Option #2 Gaius – sell food to the poor at a cheaper $$ He too, was assassinated

35. Cause/Consequence Cause of their deaths: – Leaders who feared that violence would erupt between rich and poor propose ideas to avoid blood shed Consequence of their deaths: – Changed Roman politics – Violence becomes a political weapon

36. Marius vs. Sulla 107 BC – Gaius Marius gets poor people to join the army (before it could only be property owners) His army is more loyal to him than to Rome! 88 BC – Lucius Cornelius Sulla does the same Civil war breaks out Sulla defeats Marius Sulla names himself dictator – Punishes all of his enemies Sulla was a student and close friend to Marius

37. Spartacus Shortly after Sulla dies – former gladiator – current slave rises up and demands freedom Intermission Spartacus takes over much of southern Italy Eventually killed in battle and revolt dies Romans execute 6,000 slaves as an example

38. From Republic to Empire The First Triumvirate (rule by three) Shared between Crassus (riches man in Rome), Pompey (successful military leader), and Julius Caesar Pompey ruled in Spain, Crassus in Syria, Caesar in Gaul

39. The First Triumvirate Crassus killed in battle in 53 BC Caesar crosses the Rubicon (a phrase that today means doing something that cannot be undone) What was the Rubicon and why was it bad to cross?

40. Civil War Caesar’s march on Rome started a civil war Pompey flees to Greece but is killed Caesar was officially made dictator for life in 45 BC Famous painting from the 1800s of shows a Gallic leader surrendering to Caesar by dropping his weapons at Caesar’s feet. How was Caesar viewed by both the masses and other significant Romans?

41. Caesar (45 – 44 BC) Gave land to the poor Enlarged the Senate (with his supporters) Granted citizenship to his supporters in Roman provinces Introduced the solar calendar (the one we use)

42. Ides of March Fearing his growing power (and popularity), leading Senators assassinated him in 44 BC 15 March, 44 BC (known as the Ides of March)

43. The Second Triumvirate After Caesar’s death – power struggle emerges – Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) – Mark Anthony (Caesar’s ally and assistant) – Lepidus (the other guy)

44. Roman Drama Anthony aligns himself with Egypt Octavian crushes Cleonthany (Markopatra?) – Anthony falls on his sword and Cleopatra applies poisonous snakes on her veins

45. Augustus (69 BC – 14 AD) At the age of 32 – Octavian was the supreme leader over the Roman World This period of history is known as the Age of Augustus

46. Age of Augustus Civil Wars ended Given title of Augustus (the revered one) Senate gave him title of Imperator English word = Emperor

47. Emperors and Early Empire First 4 came from his family – Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero After Nero’s civil war came Pax Romana – The Roman Peace – Lasts for almost 200 years (270 BC – 180 AD) Common coinage introduced

48. Expansion of Rome 200 BC to 117 AD

49. How were they able to do all of this... ?

50. All Roads led to Rome

51. Great Roman Accomplishments Choose any three of the following Roman Legacies and determine whether or not they are truly great accomplishments: