1. Rise of the Roman Empire

2. Post Mortem I The Cycle of Life

3. Mythological Founding of Rome—c. 758 – 728 B. C.

4. Apennine mountains in northern Tuscany Sunny hills Relatively flat terrain Broad fertile plains

5. The Etruscans In the late 8th century BC Greek colonizers arrived in the south and in Sicily; while in central Italy and the Po Valley came the ETRUSCANS.

6. Etruscan Rule Cast Off—509 B. C.

7. Seeds of Roman Democracy Overthrow of rule of Tarquinius Superbus led to division of executive power

8. Law of the 12 Tablets— 405 B. C. Putting the law in writing

9. Tribunes elected from plebian class to represent class interest Tribunes had right of “veto” over any law they believed to be harmful to plebeian interest War as a democra tizing agent

10. Roman Conquest by 4 th Century B. C. Mastering Italian Peninsula (c. 270 B. D.) Battle for Sicily—the Punic Wars (264-246 B. C.) Conquest of Greece (2 nd century B. C.)

11. Hannibal and his father The 2 nd Punic War

12. Roman general Scipio Africanus—he attacked Carthage

13. Secret to Military Success Courage Loyalty Devotion to duty Simplicity Hard work Style of Conquest Payment of taxes Acknowledgement of Roman leadership Supply soldiers for future Roman conquests

15. From Republic to Empire Control of trade routes Riches & grain from conquered provinces

16. Emergence of new wealthy class & the creation of latifundia

17. Disappearance of small farmer replaced by slave labor Drastic widening of gap between rich & poor

18. Increased corruption, greed, self-interest The PURPOSE of government

19. Efforts to Reform The Gracchi Brothers—Tiberius & Gaius 2 nd Century B. C. Gaius flees from wealthy Roman elite Tiberius on Roman Coin Both were assassinated for trying to reform the government through redistribution of wealth

20. Julius Caesar Public Works Recognition of Provinces Extension of Citizenship Bid to be King

21. Augustus Caesar (Octavian) 31 B.C. – A. D. 14 Power struggle with Mark Anthony—victorious after Battle of Actium (31B.C.) Title princeps (first citizen) but exercised absolute power Creation of stable government through creation of well-trained civil service to enforce the laws

22. Achievements of Augustus Efficient, well-trained civil service High level jobs open to men of talent regardless of class Allegiance of cities & provinces to Rome Tax system more equitable Postal service introduced Jobless put to work

23. Pax Romana 1.Well-maintained roads facilitated travel & trade through the empire 2.The Roman army provided protection for travelers and traders 3.Roman and Greek ideas flowed freely as people moved throughout the empire

24. The Five Good Emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius The High Point of Empire A. D. 96-180

25. Roman Achievements Art & Literature Virgil’s Aeneid— showed Rome’s historic past attempting to portray it as heroic or more so that the history of Greece Livy’s history—sought to rouse patriotic feeling & restore failing Roman virtues Art (specifically sculpture) strove for not only accuracy but depicting character

26. Practical Achievements

27. Hadrian’s Wall

28. Sports Arenas

29. Roman Law Accused allowed to face his accuser People of the same status are equal before the law Accused is innocent until proven guilty Guilt must be clearly established through evidence Decisions should be based on fairness Roman law as applied to Roman citizens

30. War & Conquest as Agent Carrying Greco-Roman Civilization