1. Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship
Chapter 2
Studying Geography, Economics, and Citizenship

2. Lesson 1
Studying Geography

3. Displaying the Earth’s Surface
The earth is shaped as a globe.
A globe is a spherical scale model.
Best shows sizes of continents, shapes of lanmasses, and bodies of water.
Maps
Flat drawings of all or parts of Earth’s surfaces.
Similar features
Imaginary lines that divide into hemispheres

4. Hemispheres
Equator is the middle line; circles the middle of the earth like a belt
North Hemisphere
South Hemisphere
Prime Meridian
East Hemisphere
West Hemisphere

5. Finding Places on Earth
Latitude and Longitude form a grid system
Latitude is parallel to the Equator
Measure distance North to South
Longitude is parallel to the Prime Meridian
Measure distance East to West

6. Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography
Location
Place
Human-Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions

7. Five Themes and Six Essential Elements of Geography
The World in Spatial Terms
Places and Regions
Physical Systems
Human Systems
Environment and Society
The Uses of Geography

8. Type of Maps Physical Maps Political Maps Special-Purpose Maps
Show land and water
Color include brown/green for lands; blue for water
Show elevation
Political Maps
Show names and borders of countries
Location of cities and human-made features
Major physical features of land area
Special-Purpose Maps
Specific kinds of information

9. Reading Maps Symbols- signs or picture used on a map
Scale- measuring line that tells the distances between places on a map
Cardinal Directions (N-S-E-W)

11. Using Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams
Tools that show information
Title give the subject
Different kinds
Bar graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, diagrams
Climate bar graph or Climograph shows long-term weather pattern

12. Population and Culture
Choropleth- uses colors to show population density
Migration
Culture- set of beliefs, behaviors, and traits
Language, religion, government, customs

13. Lesson 2
Exploring Economics

14. What is Economics? What goods and services should we offer?
How should we create and distribute thee goods and services?
Who will use these good and services?

15. What is Economics? Resources and production
Four kinds of resources: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship
Land- natural resources
Labor-Ability to do work
Capital- money and goods use to help people make or do things
Entrepreneurship- running a business and taking on riks

16. Supply and Demand
First get good or service that is needed. Then, figure out how much of that good or service to offer.
Supply: amount of good a producer wants to sell
Demand: amount consumer wants to buy
The law of demand says that the lower the price of a good or service, the more of it people will want to buy.
Textbook p.39

17. Things that affect supply and demand...
Scarcity
Opportunity cost- what you give up to make it or buy it

18. Managing and Measuring Economies
Economic Systems
Traditional Economy
Based on custom
Children do same job as parent
Command Economy
Central gov’t decides what goods will be made and by who
Market Economy
Each person makes choices about what to make, sell, and buy

19. Managing and Measuring Economies
Economies grow and shrink over time a.k.a. the business cycle
Recession: economy rises slowly
Inflation: rising prices; money buys less

20. Trade in World History
Why do people trade? When both sides can benefit.
Exports
Imports
Early civilizations often trade by bartering
Goods and services are traded for other goods and services

21. Trade in World History Barriers to Trade Global Trade Conflict
Geography
Communication
Production in own country
Global Trade
Globalization: international trade

22. Practicing Citizenship
Lesson 3
Practicing Citizenship

23. Principles of Goverment
U.S. Constitution
Representative government: citizens elect gov’t officials
Federal system: divides powers between central and state gov’t
Separation of powers: divided among branches (legislative, executive, judicial)
Checks and balances

24. What is Citizenship?
Civic participation refer to the duties and responsibilities of all citizens.
Comes from ancient Greece and Rome
As citizens we have certain right such as freedom of expression and the right to vote

25. Duties and Responsibilities
Obey all federal, state, and local laws
Pay federal, state, and local taxes
Serve on a jury
People born in other countries can become citizen
Stay informed about important issues and topics
Respect views and rights of others
Take part in local community

26. Being a Global Citizen
Learn about the different issues that affect the world as a whole
Other’s way of life
Political hardships
Hunger
For example- Syrian immigrants
How can you make the world a better place?