1. Organize the Body of Your Speech and Locate Supporting Materials and Evaluate Supporting Materials and Cite Sources in Your Speech

2. Characteristics of a Formal Outline Outline is written in complete sentences Outline includes all important and relevant information Outline is typed Outline includes citations within text Outline includes two-five (2-5) main points (I, II, III…) Outline includes supporting information as sub points (A, B, C…) Each main point must contain a minimum of two supporting details. If needed, outline includes elaborated information as sub sub-points (1, 2, 3…)

3. Organizing the body of your speech Identify 2-5 main points (central ideas you want to present to your audience) Keep main points related, distinct, equally important Use only one idea per main point Consider organizational pattern of main points

4. Organizational Patterns of a Speech Topical / Logical pattern (based on types or categories) The Division of College Students: Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior Diabetes: What is Diabetes, What Causes Diabetes, What are Symptoms of Diabetes, What are Treatments of Diabetes Chronological pattern (based on how things occur in time) Oprah: Oprah’s Childhood, Oprah’s rise to success, Oprah’s future ambitions Spatial pattern (based on where things are located in space) Places to visit in Alabama: Huntsville, Birmingham, Tuscaloosa, Montgomery, Mobile Compare & Contrast (Informative or Persuasive) Shelton vs UA, Wedding Rituals: India vs UA

5. Organizational Patterns of a speech Cause & Effect pattern Binge Drinking: The effects of binge drinking on a college campus, the causes of binge drinking on a college campus OR discuss 2-5 causes OR discuss 2-5 effects Problem & Solution Overcrowded Prisons: The problem of overcrowded prisons, the solution to overcrowded prisons OR the problem of overcrowded prisons, why this has become a problem, the solution to overcrowded prisons

6. Use transitions to create a parallel structure (flow between main points and sub points) Transitions – words, phrases, or sentences that show a relationship between main points and connect ideas Internal Preview – acknowledges you are transitioning to a new idea/main point Internal Summary – briefly reminds audience of previous ideas/main points Signposts – show flow of main points

7. Supporting Materials Supporting materials are used to clarify an idea, make an idea interesting, make an idea memorable, or prove an idea Types of Supporting Materials Facts Statistics Examples Expert opinions Stories /Anecdotes Analogies Quotations / Testimonies Definitions

8. Locating Supporting Materials Books Professional Journals (most specialized research and current research) Newspapers Reference Works (Encyclopedia, Dictionary, Almanac, etc) Internet-based sources (Websites) Magazines Non-print Materials (Audio, Audiovisual, etc) Personal Interviews Observations

9. Locating GOOD supporting materials Authority / Credibility: Anyone can establish a website. Evaluate! Objectivity: Is the information bias? Is it an advertisement? Currency: When was this information produced? Is it updated? Citing Sources: (include this in oral & written citations) Title of Article Title of Publication Author of Article Date of Article Website (name of organization, institution, etc.) Webpage *see citation checklist on website

10. Orally Cite Sources in Speech Provide detailed information the first time but make shorter references to source later in speech Use multiple sources to cite supporting material Use EasyBib to help locate important information for citation Establish unknown credibility by making note of source’s Education Experience Affiliations (halo effect?) Reputation It is better to over-cite than to under-cite!