1. AP Biology Discussion Notes Tuesday 4/28/2015

2. Goals for the Day Understand how we influence the environment & organisms around us Be able to tie together multiple disciplines in biology

3. Question of the Day4/28 Why do different proteins or pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, from what do they derive this property?

5. Color Vision – DAY 2

6. What is Ecology? Ecology –The study of interactions among organisms and among organisms and their environment

7. The Organization of the Living World Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Species Population Community Ecosystem (B & A factors included) Biome Biosphere

8. Many interactions are related to how an organism gets its ENERGY!

9. Producers vs. Consumers Producers: Organisms that first capture energy (produce their own food) What type of factors do they rely/depend on for energy? RELY ON ABIOTIC FACTORS FOR ENERGY

10. Consumers: Organisms that consume other organisms What type of factors do they rely/depend on for energy? RELY ON BIOTIC FACTORS FOR ENERGY

11. Consumers: Herbivores: –Organisms that consume plants only –Ex. cows Carnivores: –Organisms that consume other consumers. –Ex. Mountain lions

12. Consumers: Omnivores: –Organisms that consume both plants and other consumers –Ex. Humans Detritivores: –Organism that consume dead organic material –Ex. Vultures Decomposers: –recycle nutrients in the ecosystem (nature’s recycler) –Bacteria and fungi that cause decay

13. Food Chain Should always start with a ____________. Arrows show the direction of energy flow.

14. The Circle(s) of Life Describe the flow of energy Describe the “gas exchange” that takes place.

15. The Food Web Concept Food webs consist of trophic levels—or “feeding levels”. Examples are producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, etc. Label the trophic level(s) of each organism in this food web. What would be the effect on the food web if: The frogs disappeared? There was a huge increase in the number of mice?

16. The Great Energy Pyramid

17. 90-10 rule! 90% of the energy is “lost” and only 10% is available to the next trophic level. The 90% is “lost” because it takes energy to live. Cellular respiration burns food, captures some energy in ATP and the rest is given off as heat.

18. If there were 10,000 lbs of peaches (the only food source in this particular ecosystem) would there be more or less lbs of consumers? Explain your answer.

19. The Pyramid of Energy or The Pyramid of “Biomass” “Biomass” is the mass of all of the organisms at a particular trophic level. There CANNOT be more biomass or energy at a higher trophic level.

20. Discuss with Group

21. The Ecology of Color Vision in Monkeys

22. Ecology: Why Trichromatic Vision? One of the above leaves has black fungus on it. Can you tell which one? DICHROMATIC VISION

23. Ecology: Why Trichromatic Vision? Leaf with black fungus TRICHROMATIC VISION

24. Ecology: Why Trichromatic Vision? In the above picture, the red leaves are not palatable but the green leaves are nutritious. Which leaves are which? DICHROMATIC VISION

25. Ecology: Why Trichromatic Vision? In the above picture, if the red leaves are not palatable but the green leaves are nutritious. Which leaves are which? DICHROMATIC VISION

26. Ecology: Why Trichromatic Vision? DICHROMATIC VISION TRICHROMATIC VISION With trichromatic vision, distinguishing between important colors becomes possible.

27. #3 & 4

28. Food Selection – The Driver of Trichromacy Evolution?

29. Food Selection Research has linked color vision with the ability to select ripe food when foraging.

30. Which peaches are ripe? A)A B)B C)Both A and B D)Neither A nor B E)I can’t tell A B

31. A.A B.B C.Both A and B D.Neither A nor B E.I can’t tell A B Which peaches are ripe?

32. Food Selection – The Research Part I F 1,10 = 8, p < 0.05, Smith et al., 2003 TRICHROMATS DICHROMATS Selected ripe fruit 53% of the time. Selected ripe fruit 37% of the time. Given choice of food… vs.

33. Food Selection – The Research Part II Caine and Mundy, 2000

34. Food Selection – The Research Part II Caine and Mundy, 2000

35. Predict: What was the result of the Kix experiment? 1.There was no difference in dichromat and trichromat ability to find the Kix in both environments. 2.Trichromats were superior to dichromats in finding orange Kix; there was no difference in ability to find green Kix. 3.Trichromats could find orange AND green Kix better than dichromats. 4.Trichromats were superior to dichromats in finding orange Kix; dichromats were superior to trichromats in finding green Kix.

36. Food Selection – The Research Part II Caine and Mundy, 2000

37. Food Selection – The Research Part II Caine and Mundy, 2000 Trichromats are more effective than dichromats selecting orange food in a green environment… … but dichromats are more effective than trichromats selecting green food in a green environment. Could there be an advantage to being dichromatic in certain environments?

38. If you were in a food-foraging competition, would having color vision give you an advantage over someone who was colorblind? A)Almost certainly. B)Sometimes. C)Unsure. D)Probably not. E)Absolutely not.

39. Let’s investigate further… Go to: http://www.evo-ed.com/Pages/Primates/PatchGame/PatchGame.html http://www.evo-ed.com/Pages/Primates/PatchGame/PatchGame.html If you were in a food-foraging competition, would having color vision give you an advantage over someone who was colorblind?

40. Online Color-Vision Game Visit the online color vision game at: http://www.evo-ed.com/Pages/Primates/PatchGame/PatchGame.html

44. Dichromatic Vision

45. Trichromatic Vision