1. Ch. 9 I. The Years Between the Wars (1919-1939)

2. The League of Nations. 1. President Wilson’s 14 points.

3. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
President Wilson proposed a plan for peace that incorporated 14 points.
He included points on free trade, end to secret treaties, self-determination for colonial peoples, and an international group of countries to negotiate conflicts – the League of Nations.

4. Without several great powers, including the U.S., Germany,
and Russia, the League of Nations was powerless. It also
lacked the authority of a peace-keeping force.
After returning from the Versailles peace
conference, President Wilson went on a
nationwide tour to promote the aspects of
the Treaty. It was near the end of this tour
that he had a stroke.
The Treaty of Versailles is
attacked by Republicans after
President Wilson’s return.

5. The cartoon was created (incredibly) in 1920
The cartoon was created (incredibly) in It was titled "Peace and future cannon fodder." There is a small child with a copy of the Treaty behind them. Above the child's head is a comment "1940 class". The leaders of the nations at Versailles are seen walking past, and there is a caption: "The Tiger: Curious! I seem to hear a child weeping!"

6. 2. U.S. Isolationism. a) Senate never approved Treaty.
Despite Wilson’s pressure, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
Congress opposed to the League of Nations because they believed it undermined their authority to declare war. The absence of the United States, as well as other great powers left the League of Nations powerless.
The U.S. policy of isolationism persisted over the next 20 years until WWII broke out; even then, the U.S. did not enter the war until the bombing of Pearl Harbor in late 1941, two years after WWII began.

7. The US Senate
objects to the
League of Nations.

8. B. Russian Civil War ( ).
1. White forces – anti-communists; supported Czar; unorganized; no common goal.
On July 16, 1918, Czar Nicholas II
and his family were murdered.
The White Army was moving in,
so the family was gathered in the
basement where they were read
their death sentence and shot.
Their bodies were left in a mine
shaft and left to be burned.
Anastasia Romanov - Her father was the Czar of
Russia, Nicholas II, her mother was Alexandra,
grand-daughter of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.
 The Allies supported the Czarist/White forces against the communists/Reds.
 Czar and royal family members were murdered by the local soviet in the Urals
 July 16, 1918, Burned their bodies in a nearby mine shaft.
Grand Duchess Anastasia, one of Nicholas II’s daughters is said to have
survived, but later DNA testing proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.

9. a) Leon Trotsky – draft; rigid discipline.
2. Red forces – Communists (Red Army); V.I. Lenin; well-disciplined; organized; Reds won.
a) Leon Trotsky – draft; rigid discipline.
War communism was the Bolsheviks
economic policy during the Russian
Civil War trying to keep towns and the
Red Army supplied w/ weapons & food.
Leon Trotsky
was appointed
the Commissar
of War.
 White forces got from Siberia almost to Moscow before being stopped.
 Those who deserted or refused an order were executed on the spot!
 War Communism - seizing of grain from peasants, and centralization of state
administration under Communist control.

10. Red Army
recruiting
poster.
Over 100K troops from Japan, U.S., Br, & Fr invaded Russia to fight communist forces.

11. b) The Red Terror – communist
Much like the
‘Reign of Terror’
in France; the beginning of the Russian KGB.
b) The Red Terror – communist
secret police (Cheka); destroy
those opposed to new regime.
V.I. Lenin
Soviet poster of the 1920s:
The GPU (Cheka) strikes
on the head the counter-
revolutionary saboteur.
Red Army – “Did you volunteer?”

12. c) 1921 - Communism the only party; total control of Russia.
d) Disliked Allies due to helping enemies during civil war.
Over 100,000 troops from Japan, U.S., Br, and Fr were stationed in
Russia to support anti-communist forces; Anti-foreigners.
Soviet Union formed in 1922 after Red Forces win the Russian Civil War.

13. The Soviet Union was established after the Russian Civil War in 1922.

14. Diego Rivera’s 'Workers of the World Unite' panel, 1933.
This panel is also called the 'Communist Unity Panel', reflecting that the panel itself shows unity
(hands) led by Lenin, and his interpretation of Marx's and Engel's theories, with Trotsky and
Stalin as lieutenants. 
Lenin, backed by Trotsky,
looks annoyed, probably
because the mural in
Rockefeller Center was
destroyed.

15. 4. Joseph Stalin (leader in 1929).
3. Lenin’s death (1924) caused power struggle between Trotsky & Stalin.
4. Joseph Stalin (leader in 1929).
a) Strict ideology (culture, art, etc.).
b) The Great Purge – 20 million dead.
i. Gulag – labor camp.
(Stalin
won.)
Prisoner labor at
the construction
of Belomorkanal,
1931—1933.

16. The Great Purge is the campaign of political repression
and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by
Joseph Stalin during the late 1930s. It involved the
purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and
the persecution of unaffiliated persons, both occurring
within a period characterized by omnipresent police
surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs",
imprisonment, and killings.
Soviet
Gulag.
Nikolai Yezhov (secret police),
the young man strolling with
Stalin to his left, was shot in
1940 (Great Purge). He was
edited out from a photo by
Soviet censors. Such
retouching was a common
during Stalin's reign.
Russian gov’t archives record that about 800,000
prisoners were executed (for either political or
criminal offences) under Stalin, while another
1.7 million died of privation or other causes in the
Gulags and some 389,000 perished during kulak
resettlement - a total of about 3 million victims.

17. Joseph Stalin Soviet Union leader
Responsible for the death of millions of his own citizens (Jews, Ukranians, farmers, general population)---perhaps the 2nd most in world history
Famine: 5-7 million Ukranians died
Great Purge: 20 million opponents died
“Collectivization” of all production: private farms became illegal.

18. He was paranoid, adored his alcoholic mother who was very religious, had an inferiority complex and problems with women, smallpox, and a deformed arm.
After WWII, Stalin turned on the Jews, accused Jewish doctors of assassination plot, then deported all Russian Jews to Siberia.

19. Animal Farm by George Orwell
An allegory where animals play the roles of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and overthrow the human owners of the farm, setting it up as a commune.
The events and characters satirize Stalinism ("Animalism"), authoritarian government, and human stupidity.
-- Snowball is the head pig seen as Leon Trotsky.
-- Napoleon is Joseph Stalin.
-- Mr Jones represents Nicholas II of Russia, the deposed Csar.
-- Mr Frederick is the tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighboring farm, representing Adolf Hitler. He tricks them into selling wood to him for forged money and later attacks them (World War II), which could be interpreted as The Battle of Stalingrad.
-- Mr Pilkington is the easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighboring farm overgrown with weeds representing the western powers (England and the U.S.).

20. “Collectivization Famine”
Ukraine sought independence from USSR
Kulaks (wealthy farmers who owned 24+ acres) were considered enemy
Everything taken from Kulaks
Illegal to help Kulak families
Many deported to cold, desolate Siberian region
People unsuccessfully rebelled
Stalin responded by exporting ALL food from wheat-rich Ukraine to USSR & other countries to help “modernize” USSR.
Some grain went unused.

21. Russia/Ukraine Map

22. “Collectivization Famine”
Soviets sealed borders of Ukraine, creating a large concentration camp
Soviets searched houses for extra food
People: desperate for food
Height of famine: 25,000 died each day in Ukraine in 1933
Stalin staged “photo ops” to prove no famine existed
By 1933, approx. 25% of Ukraine had died including 3 million children.

23. USSR Map: 1950

24. Poster reading: "Beloved Stalin—good
Stalin Propaganda
Poster reading: "Beloved Stalin—good
fortune of the people!"

25. August 20, 1940, Leon Trotsky was attacked with an
Trotsky at his arrival
in Mexico in 1937.
August 20, 1940, Leon Trotsky was attacked with an
ice-axe in his office in Mexico City by one of Stalin's
followers, and the following day Leon Trotsky died.

27. 1930’s: Will immigrants bring communist
ideas and revolution with them?

28. C. The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) – German
democratic gov’t; had ↑ inflation.
D. Dawes Plan – reduced German reparations; gave $200 million loan.
Announcing
the Weimar
Republic at
the Reichstag
building, 1919.
 Weimar Republic - Had serious problems: no strong leaders and high inflation.
 Inflation – rise in prices.
 In 1914, 4.2 marks = $1; in 1922, 500 marks = $1, in 1923, 5 mill marks = $1.
 Workers used wheel barrels to take home their weekly pay.
Depression pushed the middle-class to extreme parties.
Dawes Plan led to brief prosperity ( ); American investment in Europe.

31. 1920 to The 18th Amendment
Prohibited alcohol.
1920 – The 19th
Amendment
gives women
the right to vote.
1925, Scottish inventor
John Baird invents the
first form of a television. 
Al Capone
1920, Insulin
1927, the first feature-length
motion picture with synchronized
dialogue sequences, its release
began the "talkies."
1920, first public
radio broadcast.
1920’s
Ford
Model T
1928, Penicillin
1927, The Babe

32. Edvard Munch
Self-portrait after the Spanish Flu (1919) Oil on canvas National Gallery, Oslo
An agonized figure wails against a blood red Oslofjord skyline in Munch's Scream (1893).
Since 1994, two separate versions of Scream have been stolen; both were recovered.

33. Portrait of Gertrude Stein by
"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose."
was written by Gertrude Stein as part
of the 1913 poem Sacred Emily.
“All you young people who
served in the war. You are a
lost generation…
You have no respect for
anything. You drink
yourselves to death.”
-- Gertrude Stein (1926)
Portrait of Gertrude Stein by
Pablo Picasso, 1906.

34. Lost Generation is traditionally
attributed to Gertrude Stein and
was then popularized by Ernest
Hemingway in the epigraph to his
novel The Sun Also Rises, and his
memoir A Moveable Feast.
It refers to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe from the end of WWI to the beginning of the Great Depression.
Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, John Dos Passos, and T.S. Eliot.

35. The Sun Also Rises (1926) is considered the first
Hemingway
In WWI.
The Sun Also Rises (1926) is considered the first
Significant novel by Hemingway. The plot centers
on a group of expatriate Americans in Europe
during the 1920s.

36. The Roaring 20’s The Roaring 20’s The term flapper in the 1920’s
referred to a "new breed" of young
women who wore short skirts,
bobbed their hair, listened to jazz
and flaunted their disdain for what
was then considered "decent"
behavior.

37. Women and the Blues Drawing of Clara Smith from the cover of her
album The Essential.
Ethel Waters frequently
performed jazz, big band,
gospel, and popular music,
on the Broadway stage
and in concerts.
Bessie Smith was the
“Empress of the Blues”
with 160 records. Although
she was not known to white
audiences, she influenced
Billie Holiday and Janis Joplin.

38. well-known jazz musician.
Jazz is a musical art form that originated in New Orleans at around the start of the 20th century. Born out of a blend of African American musical styles with Western music technique and theory, Jazz became mainstream between
Trumpeter and singer
Louis Armstrong, a
well-known jazz musician.

39. Dizzy Gillespie has meant a great deal to the history of jazz,
(Thomas)
Fats Waller,
Ain’t Misbehavin’,
1929.
Dizzy Gillespie has meant a
great deal to the history of jazz,
being not only an excellent
trumpeter with a very particular
style, but also a singer and
bandleader.
The Cotton Club in
New York City was
popular during and
after Prohibition.
Duke Ellington, the King of
Big Jazz Band. One of the
Greatest jazz musicians ever.

40. Dada or Dadaism was a cultural movement from 1916 to 1920. The
movement primarily involved visual
arts, literature, and theatre
concentrating on anti-war and
anti-art cultural works.

41. Surrealism is an artistic movement that sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious (fantasies, dreams, and even nightmares).
The Persistence
of Memory, by
Salvador Dalí,
1931.

42. The Dream,
by Salvador Dali (1931).

43. 1. Low economic prosperity & high unemployment.
E. The Great Depression.
1. Low economic prosperity & high unemployment.
2. Int’l financial crisis
involving the stock
market (Oct. 1929).
By late 20’s the prices for farm products,
especially wheat, fell rapidly.
Many nations had downturns (late 1920’s)
due to overproduction.
 European prosperity built on loans to Germany.
Stock market boom, investors pulled $ out of
Germ to invest in stock market.
 When US market crashed, investors pulled even more $ out of Germ/Europe.
 Industrial production declined and unemployment rose.
 Gov’ts lowered wages to lower costs; raised tariffs stopping foreign goods.
Worst year (1932) - One British worker in four was unemployed;
six million Germans (40% of workforce) was unemployed.
Depression pushed people to follow extreme parties and leaders who offered
simple solutions in return for dictatorial power (Germ).

44. F. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) – Democratic President in 1932.
1. New Deal – ↑ gov’t program: public works, welfare system, & Social Security.
Soup
line.
FDR.
 By 1932, U.S. industrial production declined nearly 50% and 12 mill unemployed.
 Social Security - Old-age pensions and unemployment insurance with the
Social Security Act in 1935.
 Although it didn’t solve unemployment, it prevented a social revolution in the U.S.
 Only WWII and expanded weapons industry brought back full employment.

45. 2. Good Neighbor Policy (1933) – No military forces in Latin America.
FDR
meeting
Mexico’s
President
Camacho,
by Doyle.
Same
scene,
by Seibel.
 F.D.R. removed the last U.S. Marines from Haiti in 1934.
 First time in over 30 years that there were no U.S. troops in Latin America.

46. G. China.
1. Mao Zedong – Communist leader of the People’s Liberation Army. a) The Long March – 6K miles to reach communist base.
Mao Zedong,
Chairman of
the Chinese
Communist
Party.
Mao on the
“Long March.”
Nationalists and communists drove the Imperialists out of China, but fought
between themselves over the right to rule China.
 “Little Red Book” collection of sayings from Mao.

47. 2. Chiang Kai-shek – Nationalist leader.
FDR, and Winston
Churchill.
 By late 1930’s, Japan closer w/ Germany.
 Japan wanted natural resources in Siberia; needed Germ to divide Russia.
After the German/Russian “Nonaggression Pact” (1939), Japan instead
decided to look to southeast Asia (southward) to fuel its military machine.
 Japan demanded the right to exploit economic resources in French Indochina.
 U.S. objected and threatened economic sanctions to enforce int’l law (stop U.S.
oil & scrap iron to Japan).
 To secure materials in SE Asia (no materials from U.S.), Japan (led by Hideki
Tojo) decided to attack U.S. and European colonies in SE Asia.

48. Mao established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.
Route of the Long March.
Only 9,000 out of original 90,000 survived the year of marching on foot and fighting.
The Chinese Civil War lasted from 1927 to 1950 between the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
It went on intermittently until 1950 with an unofficial cessation of major hostilities, with the Communists controlling mainland China.
Mao established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.
 Communism became attractive in Asia after successful Russian Revolution.
 French Indochina – Vietnamese Communists were organized by Ho Chi Minh
(trained in Moscow) in the 1920’s.

51. By the late 1920’s, Japan was becoming more militarist
By the late 1920’s, Japan was becoming more militarist. Japan invaded Manchuria ( ) to get land & resources. By 1937, Japanese society put on wartime status.
 Economic & social reforms during the Meiji era led to prosperity & modern industry.
 Gov’t didn’t approve; public approved due to need for space and resources.
 Military leaders soon dominated gov’t (Emperor Hirohito didn’t oppose them; fear).
 Policies approved for overseas expansion; draft law; Western culture was purged.

52. 1. ‘The Mukden incident’ (1931) – Japan’s excuse to invade China.
H. Japan –
1. ‘The Mukden incident’ (1931) – Japan’s excuse to invade China.
a) Japan needs natural resources.
2. Chiang Kai-shek & Mao join forces against Japan (’37).
3. ‘Rape of Nanking’
(1937/38).
Japan needed natural resources and fueled their plan to seize other countries.
Japan justified attack because of Chinese attack on a Japanese railway near
Mukden, but was actually Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese (1931).
 The League of Nations condemned the seizure so Japan withdrew from the League.
 Japan now expanding into northern China; the U.S. was unwilling to use force.

53. The Invasion of Manchuria and the “Rape of Nanking”
In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a region of China rich in iron and coal. Although Japan had joined the League of Nations, it withdrew in 1933 after the League publicly condemned the Manchurian invasion. In 1937, Japanese forces took control of the then Chinese capital of Nanking. Between December 1937 and March 1938, the Japanese brutalized and committed atrocities against the city’s residents; many refer to this as the “Rape of Nanking.” The death of thousands of civilians—notably women, children, and the elderly—is now well-documented. Japanese soldiers raped as many as 80,000 women, and it is now estimated that close to 370,000 people died.

54. “Rape of Nanking”

55. “Rape of Nanking” ( )
12/13/37: Japanese troops enter city with order to “kill all captives.”
Many tortured, cruelly killed (burned, bayoneted, etc.).
Tens of thousands of females (all ages) raped.
Well-documented w/ many photos.
Foreigners established a 2.5 sq. mile safety zone in Nanking.

56. Was this before or after Japan’s invasion of Manchuria?
“Rape of Nanking” ( )
Japanese soldiers murdered about ½ of Nanking’s (China) 600,000 to 1 million citizens in just 6 weeks.
One of the worst events in world history.
Japan had just defeated Shanghai.
Was this before or after
Japan’s invasion of Manchuria?

57. 1. General Franco – supported by Germ & Italy.
I. Spanish Civil War ( ).
1. General Franco – supported by Germ & Italy.
2. Republican gov’t supported by USSR.
Hitler used Spain as a
testing ground for his
new weapons and
revived air force.
Franco won the Civil War in
1939.
 Because Franco favored
traditional groups and
did not try to dictate every
aspect of people’s lives,
Franco’s dictatorship is
considered Authoritarian
instead of Totalitarian.

58. Generals Francisco Franco and Emilio Moré,
The Spanish Civil War
In 1931, Spain replaced its monarchy with a republican form of government. A struggle between left- and right-wing political factions followed. After an unsuccessful military coup led by General Francisco Franco in July 1936, a civil war ensued.
Generals Francisco Franco and Emilio Moré,
leaders of the coup

59. New Weapons and Tactics
Hitler tests weapons in Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War provided Hitler with the unique opportunity to test out new weapons and military tactics. During the first World War, planes had been used for reconnaissance and fighter combat; during the Spanish Civil War, planes built by Heinkel Aircraft were used by the Luftwaffe as bombers.

60. The Molotov Cocktail was first used in the
Spanish Civil War against the German and
Italian invaders. The Molotov Cocktail
would be improved by the Finns fighting
the Russians and named after Soviet
Foreign Minister at the time as a taunt.
The Nationalists, led by Franco, were supported by Hitler and Mussolini. Both Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and bomber planes to aid Franco’s forces. Franco emerged victorious and became head of state; he then outlawed every political party except his own, the Falange.
Italian soldiers in Spain.

61. The Destruction of Guernica
The Basque live in northern Spain and have their own culture, language, and traditions distinct from the Spanish. On April 27, 1937, German bombers dropped 100,000 pounds of high-explosive and incendiary bombs on the village of Guernica, the cultural capital of the Basque people. Fighter planes used machine gun fire to mow down civilians. More than half the town was destroyed and a third of its population was killed or wounded. Franco picked Guernica for this test of “blanket-bombing” in order to break the morale of the Basques, who did not support the Nationalist cause.

62. What does this painting say about the realities of war?
Guernica, by Pablo Picasso (1937)