1. Sub topic (c) Control and Management
The Biosphere
Sub topic (c)
Control and Management
Name
Teacher

2. Pollution
Pollution happens when substances contaminate (harm) the environment.
Pollution affects air, fresh water, sea and land – our air is no longer pure, our seas are a dumping ground and our land contains lots of man made waste

3. Sources of pollution
The main sources of pollution are domestic, agricultural and industrial.
Domestic – sewage and rubbish e.g. plastic
Agricultural – fertilisers and pesticides
Industrial – smoke and gases from factories and power stations

4. Energy Sources and pollution (C)
Lots of our energy is generated by
burning fossil fuels such as coal , oil and gas. These fuels are non renewable and supplies will run out
Burning releases harmful gases into the air e.g.
Sulphur dioxide – causes acid rain
Carbon monoxide – which is poisonous
Carbon dioxide – leads to global warming

5. Energy Sources and pollution (C)
Some of our energy is generated by nuclear power stations.
This leads to the formation of nuclear waste which is very dangerous -
It can enter food chains
Can cause cancers
Has to be stored safely for hundreds of years

6. Controlling pollution
Pollution can be controlled by
Reducing the burning of fossil fuels and using alternative energy sources e.g. wind
Removing harmful gases from factory chimneys using special equipment before release into the air (SCRUBBING)

7. Organic waste Pollution
Organic waste e.g. sewage is a food source for micro organisms.
If organic waste increases in a river/sea then it means an increase in micro organisms which rapidly use up the oxygen in the water
leading to less oxygen in the water for other organisms e.g. fish

8. Testing River Water for Bacteria
Methylene blue is a blue dye that shows us how much oxygen is in a sample of water.
The blue dye loses its colour and becomes colourless as oxygen is used up.
If your water sample is polluted by lots of dangerous bacteria, the oxygen will be used up and the blue colour will disappear

9. Blue gone Oxygen low Pollution high Blue Oxygen high Pollution low
Water sample
Dye added
Loses colour
Blue
Oxygen high
Pollution low
Water sample
Still blue
Dye added

10. Wear goggles for this experiment
Now its Your Turn
Wear goggles for this experiment
And gloves
goggles
samples of polluted and unpolluted water
methylene blue
2 screw top bottles
oil + dropper
Collect;

11. What To Do Label your bottles Add a different sample to each bottle
polluted
Label your bottles
Add a different sample to each bottle
Add methylene blue
Mix gently then add a few drops of oil to form a layer on the surface
3. Examine at end of period
4. Examine again next day
oil
polluted
unpolluted

12. Effect of Pollution (c)
Organic pollution enters water
Effect of Pollution (c)
Number of micro organisms increases
More food for micro organisms
Clean river
Micro organisms use up lots of oxygen
Number of species present is reduced as most organisms die due to a lack of oxygen
Low level of oxygen in water

13. Indicator Species (C)
Some fresh water invertebrate animals are very sensitive to the level of oxygen in water.
If oxygen is used up by large numbers of micro organisms feeding on pollution these organisms will die.
Organisms that can give information on pollution /environment are called indicator species
Stonefly nymphs are only found in unpolluted water
Caddis fly larvae can survive in slightly polluted water

14. Indicator Species (C)
Some species can tolerate low levels of oxygen and can indicate polluted water
if there are no species such as stonefly nymphs or caddis fly larvae present in the water then there is little oxygen and the water is polluted.
Blood worms can be found in polluted water
Rat tailed maggots can survive in heavily polluted water

15. Lichens as Indicator Species (C)
Shrubby lichens can only live in unpolluted air
Leafy and crusty lichens can tolerate some sulphur dioxide in the air
Shrubby lichens
Leafy lichens
Crusty lichens

16. Management of natural resources
Pollution is an example of bad management, others are;
Natural resource
Poor management
Problem caused
Improvements
reduced numbers of fish
introducing fish quotas
fish stocks
overfishing
1. soil erosion
destruction to provide crops
increase the productivity of existing farmland
rainforest
2. loss of soil fertility
3. loss of plant species

17. Agricultural Management (C)
_____________ was used in the past
Crop Rotation
This ; __________________________
2. ____________________________
prevents build up of disease
allows nutrient levels to recover
Today farmers produce higher yields by using _________ to control pests and disease, and to return nutrients to the soil before planting e.g.
soil fertility _________ replace phosphates and
nitrates removed by harvesting plants.
chemicals
fertilisers

18. Different plants have _______ nutrient requirements.
Long rooted plants remove nutrients from _______ soil than short rooted plants, so planting a ________ crop each year for four years allows the same land to be used ____________ before ________.
Crop rotation
different
deeper
different
several times
depletion
clover
wheat
turnips
barley
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4

19. Clover is not harvested
Clover is not harvested. It is a leguminous plant --- it has root nodules containing bacteria which ____atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into_______. When the clover is ploughed into the ground it______________________.
‘fix’
nitrate
replenishes soil nitrate
Clover – a leguminous plant
root nodules

20. Agricultural Management (C)
Disease / pest control types of pesticide are sprayed onto crops ;
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________
insecticides – to kill insect pests
fungicides – to kill fungus
herbicides – to kill weeds
R.I.P

21. Quick Test 1 What is pollution?
Name 4 ecosystems affected by pollution.
Name the three sources of pollution.
Give an example of domestic pollution.
Give an example of agricultural pollution.
Give an example of industrial pollution.
When substances harm the environment
Air, fresh water, sea, land
Domestic agricultural industrial
Sewage , rubbish
Fertilisers, pesticides
Smoke, gases fromfactories

22. Quick Test 2 Name two ways of generating electricity?
Name two harmful gases released by burning fossil fuels.
What are the dangers of nuclear waste?
Give two ways of controlling pollution.
Give an example of organic pollution.
Describe what happens when organic pollution enters a river.
Burning fossil fuels/ nuclear power
Sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
Can enter food chains, cause cancers, stored for hundreds of years
Reducing fossil fuels/ alternative energy sources, removing harmful gases
Sewage
Increase in microbes use up lots of oxygen
Low level of oxygen fish die due to lack of oxygen

23. Quick Test 3 What is an indicator species?
Name two invertebrates that can only be found in unpolluted water.
Name two invertebrates that can be found in polluted water?
Why is there a lack of oxygen in polluted water.
Why are lichens pollution indicator species?
Organisms that give information on pollution/ environment
Stonefly nymph, caddis fly larvae
Blood worms. Rat tailed maggot
Large numbers of micobes use up the oxygen
Lichens cannot live in polluted air/ high levels of sulphur dioxide

24. Quick Test 4 Give two examples of bad management of natural resources?
What problem does overfishing cause?
How can overfishing be controlled?
Why does agricultural land lose minerals / fertility?
How does a farmer increase soil minerals.
How does a farmer control weeds and animal pests
Over fishing /destruction of rainforest / pollution
Reduced numbers of fish species
Introduce fish quotas
Crop removed so no recycling
Adds fertiliser / manure/ crop rotation
Sprays herbicides (weedkiller) / pesticides