1. China Key Concepts

2. Contents 1.DynastiesDynasties 2.The Mandate of HeavenThe Mandate of Heaven 3.ConfuciusConfucius 4.Government of China before 1900Government of China before 1900 5.Chinese WritingChinese Writing 6.The position of women in societyThe position of women in society 7.China and the rest of the world before 1900China and the rest of the world before 1900 8.China in 1900China in 1900

3. Dynasties Chinese history divided into DYNASTIES since 2000BC (see page 10) Xia Dynasty was the first Qin (Chin) Dynasty (c.221BC) gave name to China The Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan (Grandson of Genghis Khan) in 1279 Marco Polo visited Yuan Dynasty China In 1645 the Manchu Dynasty ordered all Han men to wear their hair in a pigtail (a queue) Mao was a great reader and fan of Qin Dynasty

4. The Mandate of Heaven Heaven means a force that causes and justifies change. Like fate. Justified authority of the Emperor and Dynasty since c.1000BC A Dynasty fell when they lost the Mandate of Heaven This was seen as a result of their evil actions Signs were successful rebellions, famine, floods and earthquakes

5. Confucius (470-391BC) Known in China as Kong Qui Lived during Zhou Dynasty Wrote a book called Analects Basis of Chinese government and way of life His ideas defended and expanded upon by Meng Tzu (Mencius) in 300 BC “Ever since man came into this world, there has never been one greater than Confucius.” Emphasised importance of harmony in all things

6. Confucian ideas of harmony “Reform yourself and then arrange your family and so pacify the world” Correct behaviour and respect for those in authority is crucial for maintaining authority (deference and obedience) Living within the laws of nature Rulers should also treat subjects with love and concern or will lose Mandate of Heaven Not concerned with supernatural but focused on ordering society to create heaven on earth “Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son.”

7. Examples of Confucian Harmony Feng Shui Sweet and sour Yin and Yang and Chinese Medicine

8. Government of China before 1900 Emperor with Mandate of Heaven was absolute ruler The Son of Heaven Link between China and Nature The people owed him total loyalty Legalism used by some emperors instead of Confucianism Eg WuDi (141-87BC) of Qin Dynasty Mao knew all about detailed history of emperors

9. Mandarins C.10,000 Civil Servants called Mandarins governed China (Scholar-Officials)Mandarins They had to pass exams on Confucius and handwriting (Calligraphy) to qualify Very powerful privileged group for 1300 years In theory open to any sector in society

10. Chinese Writing (Calligraphy) Chinese handwriting is not phonetic Over 40,000 characters Takes years to master Helps to build unity Written with an ink brush on rice paper DogCat

11. The position of women in society In Confucian order women subordinate to men Eg Footbinding On marriage girl’s loyalty now to husband’s family ahead of her own Your dad’s family more important Many girls not given a name until marriage. Mao’s first wife was called Woman Luo.

12. China and the outside world before 1900 “The Middle Kingdom” 13 th Century first contacts with Europe (Silk Road) eg Marco Polo 1793 contacts made with Britain – Lord Macartney Tributary States By 19 th century China slipping behind Europe

13. China and Europe in 19 th Century Britain trying to establish trade with China Private traders importing opium into China 1838 Emperor banned trade in opium – causing social problems and run on silver 1839 3 million pounds opium thrown into sea Under pressure British Government declare war on China Britain win war in 1842

14. The Opium Wars Treaty of Nanjing gave Britain Shanghai, Hong Kong and 3 other citiesShanghai 1856 a second Anglo-Chinese War Gives Britain greater control over trade France, USA, Germany and Russia also seize “Treaty Ports” and establish spheres of influence. Treaties called “unequal treaties” Missionaries established schools, hospitals, churches etc

15. China and Japan Japan had successfully modernised Many Chinese nationalists admired the Japanese model eg Zou Rong and Lu Xun 1894 – Rebellion in Korea V Monarch China and Japan rush in troops Japan sink a Chinese ship and seize Lushun in Manchuria and Shandong China forced to give Korea and some ports to Japan by Treaty of Shimoneseki 1905 Japan defeated Russia

16. China in 1900 Governed by Empress Dowager Ci Xi on behalf of Emperor Guangxu (Qing (Manchu) Dynasty)Ci Xi Growing Nationalist movement which hated yet admired the West and Japan Economic and social problems led to a series of rebellions against the Emperor Corruption Militarily and technologically inferior to Japan and the West Over 50 Treaty Ports. Lost Vietnam and Korea to France and Japan

17. Homework Skim read pages 11-24 and note down reasons why anti-government feeling was growing in China in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

18. A Sign from a park in Shanghai

19. Empress Dowager Ci Xi

20. A Mandarin official (Ming Dynasty)

21. A shoemaker with a queue