1. Infancy and childhood Adolescence Adulthood and old age
Unit 2: the lifespan
Infancy and childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood and old age

2. What is Developmental Psychology???
Specialized study of the changes that occur as an individual matures.

3. In what ways do we develop?
Physical
Perceptual
Language
Cognitive
Emotional
Social
Moral
Sexual
Identity

4. Infancy and Childhood

5. Physical - Reflexes
Diving reflex

6. Physical
Maturation: internally programmed growth, maturational readiness
Learning: experience  permanent behavior change

8. Perceptual
How do we know what infants perceive?

9. Perceptual Head turns toward stimulus Eyes fixate
Sucking rate increases
Agitation

10. Perceptual
Robert Fantz studied visual preferences

11. Perceptual
Visual cliff illustrates development of depth perception around 6 months

12. Language Language and thought intertwined, symbols
Vocabulary vs grammar (chimps can learn signs: Washoe learned 160 by age 5, but no grammar)

14. Language
Babies who learn sign language communicate earlier (view “Baby Signs”)
Is there a Critical Period for language acquisition? Consider the case of “Genie”. (view “Wild Child”)

15. Section Quiz 3-1

16. Cognitive According to Jean Piaget:
Intelligence grows as children grow
Cognitive development has distinct stages:

17. Complete Graphic Organizer 3

18. Cognitive
Need representational thought / schema before object permanence: object exists even if unseen
Assimilation: fitting new ideas into existing schema
Accomodation: changing schema to incorporate new ideas
Egocentric thinking: everyone knows what I know
Conservation: amount doesn’t change just because appearance / shape changes
Multiple mothers, mirrors, hide & seek, imaginary playmates: evidence of changing thinking ability

19. Emotional Imprinting: immediate bond between mother and offspring
Konrad
Lorenz
Imprinting: immediate bond between mother and offspring

20. Emotional Contact Comfort is critical to survival Harry Harlow
View video clip

21. Emotional Strange Situation technique to assess attachment
Separation Anxiety aka “making strange”
Attachment disorder (view “Dylan”)

23. Section Quiz 3-2

24. Social Application activity 3 “Parenting styles” Authoritative aka
Diana
Baumrind
Application activity 3 “Parenting styles”
Authoritative aka
Democratic
Permissive aka
Laissez faire

25. Social Socialization = learning the rules of behavior of your culture
Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

29. Social Albert Bandura’s social learning theory
View video: Bobo doll experiment

30. Section Quiz 3-3

31. Adolescence

32. Physical and Sexual
Asynchrony: uneven growth

33. Physical and Sexual Theories of adolescence: Initiation rites
Storm and stress (Hall)
Cultural (Mead)
Developmental tasks (Havighurst):
Accept body & acquire masculine or feminine gender role
Develop appropriate relations with peers of both sexes
Become emotionally independent of parents / adults
Expect financial independence
Choose, prepare for and enter a vocation
Develop cognitive skills & concepts -> social competence
Understand and achieve socially responsible behavior
Prepare for marriage and family
Acquire appropriate values

34. Physical and Sexual Puberty = Sexual maturation (end of childhood)
Menarche = first menstrual period
Spermarche = first ejaculation
Issues
What do you think?
Sexual awareness, role of family, religion, government, teen pregnancy, STDs and AIDS
Early/late maturing

35. Section Quiz 4-1

36. Personal Abstract / hypothetical: formal operations
Rationalizations: protect self-esteem from emotions
Adolescent problems due to immature and abstract thinking (Elkind):
Finding fault with authority
Argumentativeness
Indecisiveness
Apparent hypocrisy
Self-consciousness
Invulnerability
Complete graphic organizer 4

37. Personal
Identity crisis (Erikson) – stage 5: identity vs role confusion (Who am I?)
Identity categories (Marcia):
Moratorium (considering but no decision)
Foreclosure (decision but not their own)
Confused (not considering and no decision)
Achievement (considered and decided)
Complete graphic organizer 4

38. Section Quiz 4-2

39. Social Cliques & conformity Issues:
Depression (triggered by breakdown of family unit or loss of loved ones, express anger vs sadness on adults)
Delinquency (running away from home, teen pregnancy, alcohol/drug abuse, underachievement at school)
Suicide (tripled in past 50 years, troubled teens don’t simply “outgrow problems, warning signs, hotlines)
Eating disorders:
Anorexia (desire for control) (encourage weight gain & address psychological problems)
Bulimia (alienation, desire for social approval) (therapy & antidepressant drugs)

40. Section Quiz 4-3

41. Gender Application activity 4 “Gender Role Characteristics”
Identity = physical & biological makeup
Role influenced by gender identity, society, and culture
LGBTTS
Differences (aggression – women indirect, cognitive ability – women hedge, math and verbal the same but men more confident), stereotypes (overgeneralized)
Androgyny (Bem)

42. Gender Theories: Biological (anatomy, hormones, brain, evolution)
Psychoanalytic (identification)
Social learning (observation & imitation of models)
Cognitive-development (learning from experience, development of gender schema)

43. Section Quiz 4-4

44. Adulthood and Old Age

45. Adulthood
Marriage (90% marry, 40-60% divorce, happy couples argue constructively)
Levinson’s theory of male development (early adult transition, age 30 crisis, settling down, midlife transition 40-45, middle adulthood)
Women’s issues (climacteric = physical and psychological changes, menopause, “empty nest syndrome”, depression)
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (stage 7: generativity vs stagnation corresponds with midlife transition)

46. Section Quiz 5-1

47. Old Age
Ageism: prejudice / discrimination against elderly (Application activity 5)
Good health in youth -> old age
Masters & Johnson (ok to keep having sex)
Chronic diseases of elderly: heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis
Complete Graphic Organizer 5

48. Old Age
Decremental model of aging: progressive physical and mental decline inevitable
Decline in nervous system responsible
Intelligence:
Crystalized: use accumulated knowledge
Fluid: solve problems and generate new ideas
Senile dementia (memory loss, forgetfulness, disorientation, altered personality, impaired attention)
Alzheimer’s disease (most common dementia, neurological disease, destroys ability to think, remember, relate to others, care for self)
Complete Graphic Organizer 5

49. Section Quiz 5-2

50. Dying and Death Thanatology = study of dying and death
Kubler-Ross’s Stages of psychological acceptance of death and dying:
(denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance)
Dying with dignity:
Hospice = facility to care for special needs
Assisted suicide (controversial)

51. Section Quiz 5-3