1. Chapter 4
Adolescence

2. Adolescence Can be defined several ways
Time period of mixed abilities and responsibilities
Some societies do not recognize adolescence
Initiation Rite: Ceremony or ritual marking acceptance into adulthood.

3. Adolescence con’t
G. Stanley Hall: Adolescence is a transitional stage.
Fully grown animal in a cage.
Storm and stress. Confused, troubled, and highly Frustrated
Margaret Mead: Adolescent storm and stress by product of industrialized society.

4. Adolescence con’t Contemporary studies tend to support Mead’s theory.
11% encounter serious difficulty
32% experience sporadic problems
57% enjoy basically positive, healthy development

5. Robert Havighurst (1972) identified tasks of the Adolescent
Accepting physical make-up/acquiring masculine or feminine traits
Develop appropriate relations with age-mates (both sexes)
Become emotionally independent from parents and other adults
Achieving assurance of economic independence
Deciding, preparing, and entering a vocation
Developing necessary cognitive skills and concepts for social competence
Understanding and achieving socially responsible behavior
Preparing for marriage and family
Acquiring harmonious & appropriate values

6. Adolescence con’t Development is highly individualized
Many factors affect development:
Adjustments in childhood
Level of adjustment of parents and peers
Changes that occur during adolescence

7. Physical Development
Adolescence is accompanied with puberty-the biological event that marks the end of childhood (Sexual Maturity)
Average girl begins puberty between 8-10 yrs old.
Average boy begins between 9-16

8. Physical Development con’t
Experience growth spurt prior to puberty
Girls experience menarche-1st menstrual cycle
Boys experience spermarche- 1st ejaculation

9. Physical Development con’t
Rate and pattern of development varies so much there is no way to apply norms and standards
Boys and girls can both experience asynchrony- uneven growth or maturation of body parts

10. Development Age in Girls Age in Boys Puberty Begins 8-10 9-16
Growth Spurt Peaks 12 14
Menarche/ Spermarche
10-17/another year before cycle becomes regular
12-13

11. Development Charac. In Girls Charac. In Boys Prior to Growth Spurt
Fat tissue develops-Retained through puberty, even added
Fat tissue develops - Quickly lost.
Growth Spurt
Grow 2-3 in/year, breasts and hips fill out, develop pubic hair. Experience menarche
Develop pubic hair and larger genitalia. Shoulders broaden, trunk thickens. Develop more muscle tissue and larger heart and lungs. Voice deepens, hair grows on face and chest. Spermarche
Growth Spurt Con’t
Begins earlier for girls
Begins months after girls, lasts 3 years longer.

12. Reactions to Growth Adolescents want to fit in
Tend to compare themselves to culture’s body ideals
Rate of development can affect personality. Can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy.

13. Sexual Development
Patterns of sexual behavior vary from generation to generation and culture to culture
Fear of STD’s, AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy have caused adolescents to examine risks of sexual activity.
Caused debate over role of family, religion, and government in sex ed.

14. Cognitive Development
At age 11-12, reach formal Operations thinking. Can think abstractly
Can rationalize unpleasant emotions or behaviors
Rate varies. Culture may be a factor.
Adolescents may struggle regulating.

15. Problems developed Finding fault with authority Argumentativeness
Indecisiveness
Apparent Hypocrisy
Self-Consciousness
Invulnerability

16. Moral Development Before adolescence, morality based on consequences.
Adolescents move to Stage 4(Kohlberg): Socially acceptable.
Some advance to Stage 5 and 6.
5: Fair and just
6: Form absolute ethical principles
Parent relationship has largest impact

17. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Identity Crisis- A time of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about their identity
Stage 5:Identity vs. Role Confusion
Who am I
Find a way to express themselves through an identity that is socially acceptable

18. James Marcia Agreed with Erikson 4 stages of identity:
1.Identity Moratorium-Have considered, made no decision
2.Identity Foreclosure-Have made decisions based on influence of others.
3. Identity Confused- Have not considered and made no decision
4.Identity achievement- Have made decision freely and openly.

19. Social Learning View Albert Bandura-Learn identity through interaction
Margaret Mead- continuous process.

20. Social Development Achieving autonomy is a major goal of adolescence
Families have changed markedly since 1970
Parents must deal with letting children go
Children struggle with fear of failing.

21. Social Development Peer groups eventually replace parents.
Cliques reinforce and influence behavior.
Personal characteristics are a major factor in acceptance

22. Social Development Fear of being disliked leads to conformity
Basic values still heavily influenced by parents

23. Difficulties during adolescence
Changes can lead to psychological problems
Adolescents have feeling of invulnerability
Many carry troubles with them to adulthood.

24. Depression and Suicide
Can be triggered by loss
Death
Relocation
Separation/Divorce
Depressed teen will appear angry and act out

25. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa-refusing to eat
See themselves as fat
Refusal to grow up
Control over life
Bulimia Nervosa-binge and purge
Obsessed with body shape and weight
Need to find approval
Depression, anxiety, and mood swings

26. Gender Roles
Gender Identity-Physical Traits that make one male or female
Gender Role-Standard by which a certain Gender Identity is supposed to behave
Partly defined by genetic make-up
Mostly defined by society and culture

27. Gender Roles Gender Roles vary from culture to culture.
May change over time within one culture
In our society, Gender Roles have blurred.
Androgynous Roles-involve mixture of traditionally male and female roles.

28. Gender Differences: Personality
Males more self-confident
Women perceive as less confident, unless given direct feedback.
Males use physical aggression. Females use verbal aggression.
Men actually talk more
Women use hedges, disclaimers, and tag questions.

29. Gender Differences: Cognitive Abilities
Little difference between males and females
Perform the same until high school
Males outperform in problem solving and mathematics
Females better at tracking objects

30. Origins of Gender Differences
Biological Theory-Genetic, evolved from behaviors of early people
Psychoanalytical-develop from identifying with same-sex parent
Social Learning Theory-Children learn roles through observation
Cognitive-Developmental Theory-acquire roles through interacting and then thinking about experiences
Develop Gender Schema

31. Changing Gender Roles Have changed dramatically in US in last 40 years
Women still advance slower than men in the workplace.