1. Carbon compounds The chemistry of life

2. Organic molecules Organic molecules all contain Carbon.Organic molecules all contain Carbon. Usually bonded to the elements N, H, O.Usually bonded to the elements N, H, O. CHNOPS are the 6 most common elements in organisms.CHNOPS are the 6 most common elements in organisms. Amino acid: alanine

3. Why Carbon? Can form up to 4 bonds.Can form up to 4 bonds. It can form single, double or triple bonds with other atoms.It can form single, double or triple bonds with other atoms. Carbon is central to large, organic moleculesCarbon is central to large, organic molecules It is the ‘backbone’ of the molecule.It is the ‘backbone’ of the molecule. Single bonds Triple bonds Double bonds

4. monomers Monomers are simple compounds that can be bonded together to form larger ones. 3 important ones are: – sugars – amino acids – Nitrogen bases sugar Amino acid Nitrogen base

5. macromolecules Living organisms use 4 types of macromolecules for most cellular functions.Living organisms use 4 types of macromolecules for most cellular functions. –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic Acids Computer generated image of a protein

6. Condensation reactions Condensation (dehydration) reactions link monomers into polymers.Condensation (dehydration) reactions link monomers into polymers. Hydrolysis breaks polymers into building blocks (monomers).Hydrolysis breaks polymers into building blocks (monomers).

7. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Linked to form disaccharides.Linked to form disaccharides. –Ex: lactose, sucrose, maltose. Glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6.Glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6. Isomers have same formula but different shape.Isomers have same formula but different shape. –Ex: Fructose & galactose Glucose

8. Carbohydrates Composed of sugars.Composed of sugars. Only: C,H, and O.Only: C,H, and O. Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is 2:1.Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is 2:1. Used for structure and energy storage.Used for structure and energy storage. Most common polysaccharides:Most common polysaccharides: –Starch –Cellulose which is the most common carbohydrate Plant Cell Walls are made of cellulose

9. Amino acids The structure is a central Carbon atom with a hHydrogen, a carboxyl group, amino group, and variable R group attached Red: carboxyl, Blue: amino

10. polypeptide A dipeptide is a molecule composed of two amino acids.A dipeptide is a molecule composed of two amino acids. Connected by a covalent bond called a peptide bond.Connected by a covalent bond called a peptide bond. Many amino acids hooked together are called a polypeptide.Many amino acids hooked together are called a polypeptide. Four polypeptides of hemoglobin

11. Proteins A protein is a polymer of amino acids.A protein is a polymer of amino acids. 20 different types of amino acids arebfound in nature.20 different types of amino acids arebfound in nature. Proteins are for structure, hormones, and enzymes.Proteins are for structure, hormones, and enzymes. Composed of N,O,C,H.Composed of N,O,C,H. A large protein such as an enzyme

12. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids include: DNA, RNA, and ATP –DNA and RNA are the genetic material for the cell –ATP is an energy storage molecule

13. Lipids Lipids are fats –Most lipids are hydrophobic/ nonpolar –Lipids are used for storing large amounts of energy –Phospholipids have a polar and nonpolar end These molecules form the cell membrane

14. Summary Make a 3 column chart of with a row for each of the 4 macromolecules. Put the name of the macromolecule in the first column, the monomers it is composed of in the second, and the function in the cell in the third.