1. Chapter 31 Lesson 1 Notes The Rise of Fascism Following World War I MussoliniHitlerFranco

2. Fascism chauvinistic 1. (extremely nationalistic) militaristic 2. (glorifies in war) totalitarian 3. (dictatorial)

3. 4. The term, fascism, comes from an ancient Roman symbol that has always represented authority 5. The symbol, the fasces, is represented by a bundle of wooden sticks wrapped together that included a bronze ax tied on one side.

4. 6. hatred for democracy because this form of government is… 7. based on citizens’ unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness 8. hatred for communism because this form of government is:

5. 9. based on no separation of classes; instead, supported a world-wide “dictatorship of the proletariat” (the working class); not chauvinistic; not even nationalistic b/c support comes from all workers, no matter where they live 10. Fascism is a separation of classes; support comes from the upper & middle classes, esp. industrialists

6. ITALY’S BENITO MUSSOLINI 1. 1st fascist leader in Europe taking the title, “il Duce” (“the leader” in Italian), by 1925

8. 4. established a 22- syndicate or “corporate state” to control a command economy 5. His legacy (what he’ll most be remembered for): “He made the trains run on time,” as he ruled as the “apostle of violence” 2. In 1922, he was appointed premier when his Black Shirts converged on Rome at one time to prevent a rumored coup by communists 3. He controlled the press, communications, and the Catholic Church, stressing education and military readiness

10. GERMANY’S ADOLF HITLER 1. took title, “der Fuhrer” (“the leader” in German), of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) by 1923 as the 2nd fascist leader in Europe

12. 2. wrote Mein Kampf while in prison for an attempted putsch (coup) in Munich, Germany; his book is an anti-Semitic guidebook, claiming Germans are the master race that he called Aryans 3. Hitler was named [German prime minister] chancellor in 1933 by President Hindenburg of the Weimar Republic The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew. Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf

14. 4. used Storm Troopers (his (private army) and the Gestapo (his secret police) to control society; adopted the swastika (the bent cross) as the Nazi symbol for good fortune, power, & strength

15. 5. passed the Nuremberg Laws: Jews become scapegoats; ordered Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass); est. the 3rd Reich to last 1000 yrs.; he planned to take E. Europe for his Aryans’ living space called Lebensraum, including the Slavs of the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union; formerly Russia)

16. 6. dictatorial powers were given to Hitler by the Enabling Act; he made extensive use of concentration camps run by the SS, the Schutzstaffel

18. SPAIN’S FRANCISCO FRANCO

20. 1. became known as “el Caudillo” (“the leader” in Spanish) of the Falange Party, the 3 rd and last fascist party and ruler in Europe

21. 2. Came to power as result of a 3-year civil war (1936 – 1939) between the Spanish republic and its ally, the International Brigade of volunteers versus Franco’s fascist army; the fascists won 3. Mussolini and Hitler use Spain’s 3-year civil war as a testing ground for their improved weapons of destruction

22. 4. Spain is regarded as a neutral country during WW II just as it was in WW I because this time Spain is devastated by civil war; but because Franco gives aid and comfort to his fascist allies during WW II, Spain becomes known as a non- neutral, non-belligerent