1. European Dictators Prior to WW II

2. Spain
Italy
U.S.S.R.
Germany

3. SPAIN

4. Spain Prior to 1936
Spain had been a monarchy up until 1931 when a republic was declared.
The government came under the control of both liberals and socialists.
Socialists – those who believe in socialism
Liberals – those who believe in individual freedoms

5. Socialism
A form of government in which the state owns or controls the industries that produce basic goods and services.
EXAMPLES:
Communications
Transportation
Power generation

6. Spanish Civil War
July, 1936 – Army leaders favoring a Fascist-style government revolted
Led by General Francisco Franco

7. Fascism
A form of government which promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.

8. Foreign Intervention in Spain
Both Germany and Italy sent troops and equipment to help Franco’s ‘Nationalist’ forces.
The Soviet Union sent equipment and advisors to help the ‘Republican’ elected government.
The Western Democracies remained neutral

10. Outcome
Franco’s forces defeated the Republican resistance early in 1939.
Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator

11. ITALY

12. Benito Mussolini

13. The Fascist Party Mussolini founded the Fascist party in 1919.
He promised to rescue Italy from rising inflation and unemployment as well as social unrest following World War One
He publicly criticized the government as conditions worsened.

14. Mussolini Takes Power
Mussolini supporters attacked both Communists and Socialists on the streets of Italy in order to weaken his opponents
October 1922 – Mussolini marched on Rome and demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III place him in charge of the government.

15. Il Duce
Il Duce – leader
Mussolini abolished democracy and outlawed all political parties except the Fascists
Jailed his opponents
Took control of newspapers and radio stations
Outlawed strikes

16. U.S.S.R (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

17. Joseph Stalin

18. Stalin’s Rise to Power
Stalin became general secretary of the Communist Party in 1922
By placing his supporters in key positions, Stalin was able to take total command of the Communist Party by 1928

19. Communism
An economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people
Private property does not exist
All goods and services are shared equally

20. Stalin Forms a Totalitarian Government
Totalitarianism – a form of government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life
Business
Family life
Labor
Housing
Religion
Education
The Arts
Youth Groups

21. Stalin’s Reforms Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution
Consumer good production was cut in favor of heavy industry
Workers were assigned jobs
Agricultural Revolution
Developed collective farms
Wealthy peasant farmers who resisted were eliminated

23. Stalin’s Purges
Beginning in 1934, Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power
By 1939, it is estimated that he was responsible for the deaths of between 8 million and 13 million Russians

24. Germany

25. Adolf Hitler

26. Rise of the Nazis
In 1920, Hitler joined the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party
Chosen der Führer due to his organizational skills as well as his speaking ability
Adopted the Swastika as its symbol

28. Beer Hall Putsch 1923 attempt by the Nazis to seize power in Munich
Hitler was arrested and tried for treason
Sentenced to five years in prison, however he only served nine months

30. Mein Kampf While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf – “My Struggle”
Set forth his plans for Germany
Aryan master race
Identified sub-humans: Jews, Gypsies, Slavs
Lebensraum – Living space (Russia)

32. Revival of the Nazis
Hitler revived the party after leaving prison in 1924
The Great Depression hit Germany hard
Loans from America stopped
30% unemployment
Banks closed
Communist Party gained power
Germans turned to Hitler for leadership

33. Hitler Becomes Chancellor
By 1932, the Nazis had become the largest political party in Germany
January 1933 – President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor under political pressure
Hitler turned Germany into a Totalitarian State

34. Other European Dictatorships
Hungary
Poland
Yugoslavia
Albania
Bulgaria
Romania

35. Democratic Countries Czechoslovakia Britain France Norway Sweden
Denmark

36. Hitler Clip: 2:56
YouTube - Hitler - Mein Kampf (documentary) First speech as chancelor.