1. Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 12
Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity

2. Chapter Outline The Meaning of Race and Ethnicity
When Worlds Collide: Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Culture and Intergroup Relations
Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
A Piece of the Pie

3. Race Biological race refers to distinct physical characteristics.
Race is also a social concept that varies from one society to another.
Racism is the belief that certain traits are marks of inferiority that justify discriminatory treatment of people with those traits.

4. Ethnic Groups
Ethnic groups are populations that have a sense of group identity based on a distinctive cultural pattern and shared ancestry, whether actual or assumed.

5. Ethnic Groups
Their members usually have migrated to a new nation or been conquered by an invading population.
The Native Americans are believed to have crossed the Bering Strait as migrant peoples between 14,000 and 20,000 years ago.

6. Minority Groups
A minority group is a set of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
Minority status carries with it exclusion from full participation in the life of the society.

7. Periods of Migration and Settlement in the U.S.
1820–1885: “Old” Northwest European and Asian migration
1885–1940: “Intermediate” migration from Southern and Eastern Europe and beginning of heavy immigration from Mexico
1921–1959: Immigration by quota and refugee status
1960 to the Present: Worldwide immigration

8. Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Genocide - state-sponsored mass killing to exterminate a population deemed racially or ethnically different and threatening to the dominant population.
Expulsion - the forcible removal of one population from territory claimed by another.

9. Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Slavery - ownership and control of one population by another.
Segregation - ecological and institutional separation of races or ethnic groups.
Assimilation - blending of a minority group into the majority population, leading to its eventual disappearance as a distinct people.

10. A Continuum of Intergroup Relations

11. Is Interracial Dating OK?

12. The Transatlantic Slave Trade
From the end of the16th century to the early decades of the 19th, approximately 11 to 12 million Africans were imported to the New World.
The thickness of the arrows shows the approximate volume of the slave trade to each region.

13. Segregation in Areas With Largest Black Populations
Metropolitan Area
1970
1980
1990
2000
Boston
81.2
77.6
68.2
65.7
Chicago
91.9
87.8
85.8
80.8
Cleveland
90.8
87.5
85.1
77.3
Detroit
88.4
86.7
87.6
84.7
Kansas City
87.4
78.9
72.6
69.1
Los Angeles –Long Beach
91.0
81.1
73.1
67.5
Milwaukee
90.5
83.9
82.8
82.2
New York
81.0
82.0
81.8

14. Segregation in Areas With Largest Black Populations
South
1970
1980
1990
2000
Atlanta
82.1
78.5
67.8
65.6
Baltimore
81. 9
74.7
71.4
67.9
Birmingham
37.8
40.8
71.7
72.9
Dallas–Fort Worth
86.9
77.1
63.1
59.4
Houston
78.1
69.5
66.8
67.5
Memphis
75.9
71.6
69.3
68.7
New Orleans
73.1
68.3
68.8
Washington, DC
81.1
70.1
66.1

15. Segregation in Areas With Largest Black Populations

16. U.S. Immigration

17. Minority Groups in the U.S.
Three ideological tendencies
Anglo-conformity
The melting-pot theory
Cultural pluralism

18. Interracial Marriages, United States

19. Receptivity Toward Immigrants, by Area

20. Receptivity Toward Immigrants, by Area

21. Receptivity Toward Immigrants, by Area

22. Assimilation How many ethnic groups can you spot in this photo?
The effects of assimilation are powerful, and it is likely that the immigrants’ children will prefer to read signs in English when they are adults.

23. Culture and Intergroup Relations
Stereotypes - images of a racial or cultural group that are held whether or not they are true.
Prejudice - judging a person on the basis of real or imagined characteristics of a group of which that person is a member.
Discrimination - unfair treatment of people on the basis of their group membership.

24. Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination

25. Social-psychological Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Theory
Example
Frustration-aggression
Scapegoating of minority groups such as gypsies or Jews.
Projection
Attribution of one’s own sexual desires to others.

26. Social-psychological Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Theory
Example
Authoritarian Personality
Authoritarian individuals were punished frequently as children. They feel an intense anger that they fail to examine and submit to people in positions of authority, greatly fear self-analysis and have a tendency to blame their troubles on people or groups whom they see as inferior.

27. Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Theory
Example
Interactionists
Groups that need to cooperate (e.g., sports teams) often find ways to reduce racial or ethnic tensions.
Functionalist
Inequalities derived from prejudice help maintain a supply of low-wage workers.

28. Theories of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Theory
Example
Conflict Theories
African Americans were treated as a colonial people until they mobilized to fight back.
Ecological Theories
People in racial or ethnic ghettos seeking upward mobility.

29. Internal Colonialism Theory
Minority groups are essentially colonial peoples within the larger society.
The “colonial” people did not enter the society voluntarily.
The culture of the “colonial” people has been destroyed or transformed.
The “colonial” population is controlled by the dominant population.
Members of the “colonial” people are seen as inferior and are socially and psychologically oppressed.

30. Park’s Model of Urban Intergroup Relations
Five Stages:
Invasion
Resistance
Competition
Accommodation and cooperation
Assimilation

31. Native Americans
As a result of their unsuccessful resistance to the European invasion, Native Americans were segregated on reservations, many of which lacked adequate resources to permit them to share in the “American dream.”

32. Racial Inequality in the United States
Blacks have been excluded from full participation in American social institutions longer than any other group.
Black families have higher rates of family breakup than white families.
Structural changes in the American economy have continually placed blacks at a disadvantage.

33. Quick Quiz

34. 1. Which is true about "race?"
It is irrelevant in our society.
There are only two races in the world.
Race and stratification are today unrelated in the U.S.
Race relates to people sharing presumably similar physical characteristics.

35. Answer: d The following statement is true about "race”:
Race relates to people sharing presumably similar physical characteristics.

36. 2. A minority group is primarily defined in a sociological sense on the basis of its
small population size.
ethnic or racial background of members.
negative treatment by the dominant society.
low level of educational and occupational attainment.

37. Answer: c
A minority group is primarily defined in a sociological sense on the basis of its negative treatment by the dominant society.

38. 3. The ________ theoretical perspective is best supported by the fact that many minorities remain segregated in ghettos and barrios, and are exploited politically and economically by capitalist interests.
conflict
functional
interactionist
social-psychological

39. Answer: a
The conflict theoretical perspective is best supported by the fact that many minorities remain segregated in ghettos and barrios, and are exploited politically and economically by capitalist interests.

40. 4. Prejudice is to discrimination as ________ is to ________.
attitude / action
stereotype / prototype
assimilation / acculturation
necessity /the mother of invention

41. Answer: a
Prejudice is to discrimination as attitude is to action.