1. Clauses
Oops! I think you have the wrong clause!

2. What is the difference between a phrase and a clause?
A phrase is a group of words, while a clause is a word group that contains a verb and its subject. A clause can be used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.

3. Some Facts About Clauses:
EVERY clause has a subject and a predicate.
SOME clauses will express complete thoughts (these are called independent, or main, clauses).
SOME clauses will NOT express complete thoughts (these are called subordinate, or dependent, clauses).
When a sentence includes an independent clause and a subordinate clause, it is a __________ sentence.
complex

4. *Underline the subordinating clause in each sentence.
Subordinate clauses can function as nouns, adverbs, or adjectives in a sentence.
*Underline the subordinating clause in each sentence.
Once the room is finished, we will buy new furniture for it.
Did you see the woman, whose entire family was killed, on the Biggest Loser?
The book that I read yesterday was about World War II.
Don’t forget to wipe your shoes before you step on the carpet.
_____________________
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_________________
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(Note: The clauses may be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence.)

5. Adjective Clauses The adjective clause modifies a noun or a pronoun.
Note the difference between the following:
ADJECTIVE: the blonde woman
ADJECTIVE PHRASE: the woman with blonde hair
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE: the woman who has blonde hair
An adjective clause is usually introduced by a _________ _________.
relative
pronoun

6. Common Relative Pronouns that which who whom whose
Underline the adjective clause in each sentence.
The prizes went to students who had scored the most points.
This is the system that works best for me.
The boy whose dog won received a ribbon.
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7. Occasionally adjective clauses can be introduced by when or where.
Examples: That is the box where I put all of my books. (it modifies “box”, a noun, so it is still an adjective clause).
Do you remember the time when I lost my book? (modifies time)
BE CAREFUL—MANY TIMES WE LEAVE OFF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHEN WE SPEAK
Examples: (Can you tell what was left out?)
I haven’t seen the souvenirs she bought in Mexico.
that
A boy I know is the drummer for the band we saw in concert.
who

8. Adverb clauses usually answer where, when, how, or why to the verb, or to what extent or under what condition.
_______________
Note the difference between the following:
ADVERB: He fell down.
ADVERB PHRASE: He fell down the hill.
ADVERB CLAUSE: When he fell down, he hurt his knee.
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb.

9. Tell which word each clause modifies and how it modifies it.
You may sit wherever you wish. (tells )
where you sit
When winter sets in, many animals hibernate.
(tells )
when animals hibernate
Meg looks as though she has seen a ghost.
(tells )
how Meg looks
Josh is happy because he has a new job.
(tells )
why Josh is happy
Ty can run faster than Matt can. (tells )
how much faster
to what extent
If Cailyn is not sick, we will go to the fair.
(tells )
under what conditions we will go

10. Common Subordinating Conjunctions
Note: When a sentence begins with an adverb clause, it is followed by a comma, but if the clause is at the end of the sentence, you do not need a comma to separate it from the independent clause. When the clause is in the middle of the sentence, you may or may not need to set it off with commas (one before, and one after).
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after as though since when
although because so that whenever
as before than where
as if how though wherever
as long as if unless whether
as soon as in order that until while

11. A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun.
Common Introductory Words for Noun Clauses
how whatever which whom
that when who whomever
what whether whoever why

12. *List the 5 different ways a noun clause can be used.
That she was only sixteen was a secret at the party. ________
_subject
We suddenly remembered who she was. _______________
direct object
The judges gave whoever participated a ribbon. ____________
indirect object
I was amazed by how tall the building was. _______________
object of prep.
A stuffed animal was what Mary was trying to win. ____________________
predicate nominative

13. *Underline the subordinate clause and label it as an adjective, adverb, or noun clause.
Since none of us owned bikes, we decided to rent some. __________
adverb clause
_______________________________
The man who rented us the bikes was helpful. ____________________
adjective clause
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We were in trouble when Garrett’s bike got a flat tire. _______________
adverb clause
___________________________________
How we would repair it became the topic of a heated discussion. ____________________
________________________
noun clause

14. We decided to take the bike to whatever bike shop was nearest us.
__________________
____________________________________
noun clause
The thing that worried us was getting our money back for fixing it. __________________
________________
adjective clause
When we returned our bikes, we showed the man the receipt.
___________________
______________________________
adverb clause
He refunded us the money we had spent to fix the tire. ____________________
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adjective clause (the word “that” was left off)