1. The Civil War Begins 1861-1865 Chapter 20 Page 499

2. The Call to Arms Section 1 Following fall of Fort Sumter, the country is buzzing with excitement All are ready for a fight- however, most think it will be a short war Lincoln, with this in mind, calls for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days. Should be able to win war within 90 days

3. Choosing Sides South angry- just want to be left alone Virginia chose Confederacy- gave south much better chance of winning A lot of money and people Robert E. Lee of Virginia fights for the South Lincoln had asked Lee to be commander of Union Huge loss

4. Border states are crucial Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia secede Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland don’t West Virginia breaks off of Virginia to stay in Union Maryland Congressmen for secession arrested so Maryland can’t secede. Why so important to keep Maryland Issue divided families

5. Strengths and Weaknesses North- 22 million people – Most of mineral deposits – 86% of factories – 90 ship Navy South- 9 million people- 3.5 of that slaves – Better generals – Fighting defensive war – Just had to not lose war, north had to win

6. Strengths North South

7. Strategy North must invade and conquer the South – Anaconda Plan – Also blockaded the south with Navy South must not lose – Fight defensive war – Get Europe to recognize them as country Burned their cotton rather than sell to Great Britain to pressure Britain into helping them---back fired – Prolong war, get the North to quit

8. Preparing for Hostilities Preparing for first Battles – Southern army better trained- accustomed with living outdoors and firing weapons – Southern army better led – Northern Army larger – Northern army better armed Hostilities ready to start as North prepares to invade Virginia

9. Section 2 Agony of War: 1861 Northern Public outcry wanted a decisive battle General Winfield Scott- Very Old- Invades the South at Manassas Junction July 21, 1861 union army marches Northern Army NOT ready Union 30,000 vs. South 20,000

10. On lookers from the city came to watch After initial success, Union pushed back by Virginians and General Stonewall Jackson Northern Army defeated- Run back to Washington leaving everything- called battle of Bull Run Lincoln realizes he needs a “real” army and will be a long war Called for an army of 500,000 to be raised Called for another 500,000 volunteers

11. Blockade July of 1861- Union blockade of south officially starts Southern blockade runners were very successful at first As war progressed, the blockade would get better By end of war 1 in every two ships captured

12. Rest of 1861 No large battles took place for the rest of 1861 General George McClellan was put in Charge of Army of the Potomac Very cautious Spent rest of 1861 training, but refused to invade south 1862-63 would be much more bloody

13. Section 2 Civil War in 1862 A. Naval War: Virginia and the Monitor – Confederates capture a Union frigate Merrimack – Give it iron sides – Destroyed two union war ships – Union makes its own iron sides – New ships face off, shoot at each other for 2 hours – Neither side wins, but new age in ship warfare

14. Battles in the West 1862 Ulysses S. Grant made move to take Tennessee Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Opened up way for Union gunboats to harass the South

15. Battle of Shiloh: April 1862 South under General Johnston attacks Grant at Shiloh in Tennessee Fierce fighting- General Johnston killed – William Tecumseh Sherman had three horses shot out from underneath him – Both sides thought morning would bring victory – Grant gets fresh troops from gunboats- defeats the South – Union loses= 13,000 Southern loses= 11,000

16. Fall of New Orleans: April 1862 Union fleet under David Farragut took New Orleans Now only 150 miles of the Mississippi remained in Confederate hands Vicksburg fort was last confederate defense of the river

17. Peninsula Campaign Back east, McClellan floats south and attempts to take Richmond from the South General Stuart- In charge of confederate cavalry, attacks all the way around McClellan Seven Day’s Battle- McClellan- although he had much more troops, was forced to withdraw back across the Potomac Halfway through 1862, Confederates would once again control south bank of Potomac

18. Section 3 Second Half of 1862 South under General Lee defeated Union army during Seven Day’s battle August 1862, North invades South again at Manassas Again, South routes the North- second battle of Bull Run September, South wins again at Harpers Ferry

19. South Invades General Lee decided to invade the North during fall Give farmers in Virginia a chance to harvest Southern army fill up on Northern food Also, hoping to get support of Europe Armies would converge on Antietam near Sharpsburg Maryland

20. Antietam Lee’s battle plan fell into hands of McClellan McClellan attacked Lee on September 17, 1862 Bloodiest day in the Civil War 23,000 soldiers dead or wounded Lee lost 1/3 of his army However, McClellan did not follow Lee back into Virginia to finish him off

21. Battle of Fredericksburg December 1862- Lincoln replaces McClellan with General Ambrose E Burnside Burnside waited for Pontoon Bridges to cross River Lee entrenched on other side Union army slaughtered as they tried to attack the South Union casualties-13,000 South casualties- 4,000 Burnside replaced with General Joseph Hooker

22. Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863- After Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation on New Years day Only freed the slaves in the South- Prez didn’t have power to free slaves in North Made the war about Slavery instead of preserving the Union

23. Life during the war Section 3 A. March 1863, Lincoln announces first Draft All men between ages 20 and 45 can be called for military service Service could be avoided by paying fee or finding a substitute Draft riots in North, especially New York

24. Legislation First Income tax passed to help pay for the war Bonds sold to the people Legal Tender Act to issue “Greenbacks” TCR route proposed and passed Homestead Act passed

25. Civil Liberties Copperheads begin to oppose the war Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus Many sent to jail without a trial

26. Home Front in the South South lacking resources as union blockade tightens Jefferson Davis lacked money to fund the army or gov’t Paper money issued led to inflation Leadership begins to break down. EX. Georgia

27. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1863, General Hooker attacked Lee’s forces Lee, who’s army was much smaller, split his army into three smaller armies Attacked Hooker Union retreated giving the victory to the South Jackson Killed, devastating for the South

28. Gettysburg After Victory at Chancellorsville, Lee decided to invade North again Needed one more decisive victory Armies would meet in Gettysburg Pennsylvania Invading would allow Lee to replenish his army with supplies Victory could end the war

29. July 1st, the armies meet Lincoln had replaced Hooker with Meade 3 day battle First two days almost fought to a stalemate Day three- Lee decided to attack Union center George Picket lead charge of 13,000 at Union center over wide open field Charge was destroyed This defeat broke back of Confederate army 6,000 were killed in the battle

30. Vicksburg Vicksburg last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi In may, Grant began sieging the city July 3 rd, 1863, the city fell cutting the Confederacy in half Lincoln puts Grant in charge of the army

31. Section 5 Union Victorious 1864-65 A. Grant was given control of Union army in spring of 64 after Taking Chattanooga, Ten. Spring 1864 Farragut would take Mobile Al. The South was crumbling, but Lee still held Richmond

32. Sherman’s march to the Sea William Tecumseh Sherman was put in charge of Western Army after Grant went east September 1864, Sherman takes Atlanta Georgia Wages total war in his march to Savannah Burned farms, towns, destroyed rail roads, ate all the food in sight 300 mile long by 60 mile wide path of destruction

33. End of the War Grants army- 120,000 Lee’s army- 55,000 General Sheridan approaching Richmond through Shenandoah Valley Lee decides to abandon Richmond and head for the mountains Army could hold out for years in mountains Sheridan cuts off Lee’s escape route

34. Surrender at Appomattox April 9 th, 1865- Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox courthouse Grant gives generous terms Why? War is over 620,000 killed 360,000 Union 260,000 confederate

35. Lincoln Slain April 14 th - Attending play “Our American Cousin” Secretary warned not to go John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in back of Head April 15 th, Lincoln dies Was a conspiracy to cause chaos. William Seward also attacked, but other conspirers did not fulfill mission.

36. Why the North Won Larger population- could call for fresh troops Industry to supply the troops Determination not to lose Great leadership under Lincoln South, once resources used up could not replenish like North Couldn’t get a European ally

37. Lasting Impact 600,000 Americans killed Hundreds of thousands maimed Americans saw for themselves horrors of war- Mathew Brady? Industry boomed after the war South lay in ruins Southerners and Africans Americans uprooted. What should they do now

38. More effects Political landscape would settle after War Had plan to bring the South back into the union peacefully Too late Reconstruction would begin. 13 th Amendment- ended slavery