1. Industrial Revolution
Increased output of machine-made goods which began in England in the 1700s-1800s

2. Industrial Revolution
Industrialization is the process of developing machine production of goods
By the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution had spread throughout western Europe and northeastern United States

3. Life Before the Industrial Revolution
Only 10% of the population lived in cities
Majority of people lived an agricultural lifestyle in the countryside
Farmed their own food, but not much surplus
Made their own clothing, built their own furniture, made their own tools
Very little manufacturing and few opportunities for investment

4. Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure system
Small farmers forced to move to cities
Better farming methods
Jethro Tull’s seed drill (1701)
Crop rotation
Improved methods of livestock breeding

5. How did Agricultural Revolution lead to I.R.?
Increased
food supplies
Improved
living conditions
POPULATION
BOOM!! + =
The increase in population led to a greater demand for food and goods

6. Why did the I.R. begin in England?
Geography
Access to water
Natural resources
Waterpower & coal
Iron ore
Rivers
Harbors/ports
Expanding economy
Banking system
Overseas trade
Inc. demand for goods
Wealth = INVESTMENT!!!

7. Why did I.R. Begin in England?
Political stability
No wars on British soil
Military successes = positive outlook/progress
Laws passed by Parliament protected investments, trade
Britain had the….
FACTORS OF
PRODUCTION
Land, Labor, Capital (wealth)

8. Industrialization Begins in the Textile Industry - Cotton
John Kay’s “flying shuttle” (1733)

9. James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny” (1764)
Richard Arkwright’s “water frame” (1769)
Samuel Crompton’s “spinning mule” (1779)

10. Edmund Cartwright’s “Power Loom” (1787)

11. Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin, 1793

12. Domestic System
Manufacturing was done in the home & entrepreneurs (business owners) dropped off/picked up products
Whole families worked together to make clothing, food products, textiles, and wood products
Time-consuming, smaller output

13. Emergence of Factories
Concentrate production in one location
Needed waterpower & $$$

14. Improvements in Transportation
Search for a cheap, convenient source of power
James Watt’s steam engine (1765)

15. Creation of a network of canals made transporting goods easier
Water Transportation
American inventor Robert Fulton used Watt’s steam engine to build steamboat, the Clermont
Creation of a network of canals made transporting goods easier

16. Road Transportation John McAdam, Scottish engineer
Wagons would not get stuck in the mud on “macadam roads”
Private investors formed companies to charge people to use roads (called turnpikes)

17. The Railway Age Steam-driven locomotive
George Stephenson – railroad engineer
The Rocket – up to 24 miles per hour!
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opened in 1830

18. Effects of the Railroad
Cheap transport of materials & products spurred industrial growth
Created jobs for railroad workers and miners
Boosted agricultural & fishing industries (transport)
Encouraged travel between country & city

19. The Impact of the Railroad

20. Railroads In Europe

21. Industrial Spreads to U.S.
Britain forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country
Why?
Mercantilism & competition!
Samuel Slater smuggled ideas from GB to US
1813 – Francis Cabot Lowell –Massachusetts became cloth manufacturing center
Railroads, light bulb, telephone

22. The Lowell Mills

23. The Rise of Corporations
Businesses required $
Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (rights of ownership)
Stockholders became part-owners
of these businesses, known as corporations
Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel Company
Big Business (giant corporations that controlled entire industries)
Workers = long hours, low wages
Corporate leaders = high profits, fortunes

24. Belgium & Germany Iron ore, coal, waterways
Imported British workers, engineers
Sent children to British schools

25. Germany Industrializes
Dominated the coal & steel industries

26. Elsewhere in Europe France’s industrialization was more controlled
- Napoleon’s wars & economic problems
- More agricultural
BUT once industrialized, was successful
- Learned from others’ mistakes!

27. Why did some countries not industrialize
Why did some countries not industrialize? (Or take longer to industrialize?)
Social structure delayed adoption of new methods (serfdom)
Poor geography
Transportation difficult

29. Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900

30. Global Inequality Gap between industrial & non-industrial grew
Led to imperialism
Indust. countries control non-indust. countries

32. Other Changes Increased colonization - needed for raw materials
- markets to sell manufactured goods
Development of middle class
Opportunities for education
Greater democratic participation = led to social reforms

33. Urbanization

34. The New Industrial City

36. The “Haves”  Bourgeoisie class thrived on new wealth from I.R.
The “Have-Nots” - Poor, Overworked, and Destitute

37. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

38. Industrialization By 1850

39. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Social classes
Factory workers overworked, underpaid
Growing middle class
Tension between upper and middle classes
Long-term  standard of living rose
Cities increased in size
Many cities specialized in certain industries
Long-term  suburbs grew as people left cities

40. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Living conditions
Cities lacked sanitary codes or building codes
Housing, water, and social services were scarce
Disease epidemics spread
Long-term  housing, diet, & clothing improved

41. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Working conditions
Created jobs
Factories were dangerous, dirty, harsh discipline
Long-term  Higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions
Political effects (long-term)
Social reform movements
Child labor laws

42. Impact of Industrialization
Shifted world balance of power
Increased competition between industrialized nations
Rise of global inequality
Imperialism
Transformation of society