1. Tradition and Change in European Culture, 1300-1500
Chapter 12

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I. The New Learning
A. The Founding of Humanism
1. Petrarch
My Secret
2. Boccaccio
The Decameron
3. The Spread of Humanism
Florence
Coluccio Salutati
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I. The New Learning
A. The Founding of Humanism
4. Civic Humanism
Cicero
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I. The New Learning
B. Humanism in the Fifteenth Century
Nicholas V
1. Education
Guarino da Verona
Vittorino da Feltre
2. New Standards of Behavior
Castiglione’s The Courtier
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5. Map 12.1 The Spread of Universities in the Renaissance
This map charts the growing importance of education and the emergence of new universities throughout
Europe during the Renaissance. Even where earlier universities existed, as at Oxford, many new colleges were founded, and the number of graduates increased rapidly in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. How do you suppose that Humanism is related to the growing number of universities?
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I. The New Learning
B. Humanism in the Fifteenth Century
3. Humanism Triumphant
C. The Florentine Neoplatonists
1. Ficino and Pico
Neoplatonism
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I. The New Learning
D. The Heritage of the New Learning
Archaeology
Numismatics
Epigraphy
Standardized spelling and grammar
Educational reform
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8. II. Art and Artists in the Italian Renaissance
A. Three Friends
1. Masaccio
2. Donatello
3. Brunelleschi
4. New Creativity
Perspective
Modeling of bodies and drapery
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11. II. Art and Artists in the Italian Renaissance
B. The High Renaissance
1. Leonardo
2. Raphael
3. Michelangelo
4. Titian
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14. II. Art and Artists in the Italian Renaissance
C. Status and Perception
1. Art as Craft
2. Humanism and the Change in Status
3. The New Patrons
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15. III. The Culture of the North
A. Chivalry and Decay
1. Bravery and Display
2. The Cult of Decay
“Cult of the sublime”
Danse macabre
3. Devils and Witches
4. Relics
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16. III. The Culture of the North
B. Literature, Art, and Music
1. Literature
Chaucer
Canterbury Tales
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17. III. The Culture of the North
B. Literature, Art, and Music
2. Art
Van Eyck
Dürer
Entrepreneur
3. Developments in Music
Choirs
Organs
Viol, oboe, clavichord
Four-part polyphony
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18. IV. Scholastic Philosophy and Religious Thought
A. The “Modern Way”
1. Ockham
“Principle of parsimony”
2. Nominalist Theology
Via moderna
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19. IV. Scholastic Philosophy and Religious Thought
B. Social and Scientific Thought
1. Marsilius
Defender of Peace
Sovereignty
2. New Explanations of Nature
Criticism of Aristotle’s world system
Jean Buridan
3. Humanism and Science
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20. V. The State of Christendom
1. The Avignon Exile
Clement V
2. Fiscal Crisis
Dispensation
Indulgences
3. The Great Schism
Gregory XI
Urban VI
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Map The Great Schism,
The antagonisms in Europe during the Great Schism set neighboring regions against one another and created
divisions from which the Church never fully recovered. One of the problems that made the Great Schism
particularly acute was the presence of different papal candidates in different cities. Avignon was a long way
from Rome, and it was easy for the “pope” in one city to ignore his rival in the other. Which countries and
regions recognized the pope at Rome? Which recognized the pope at Avignon? What were the areas of shifting
obedience? What do you notice about the location of the councils that tried to end the schism? Where were
they in relation to Avignon and Rome?
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22. V. The State of Christendom
4. The Conciliar Movement
5. Pisa and Constance
Council of Pisa
Council of Constance
Martin V
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23. V. The State of Christendom
A. The Revival of the Papacy
Council of Basel ( )
1. Territorial Independence
2. The Revival of Rome
Martin V
Rebuilding program
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25. V. The State of Christendom
B. Styles of Piety
1. Lay Mysticism and Piety
Confraternities
2. Female Piety
Catherine of Siena
3. The Mystics
Meister Eckhart
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26. V. The State of Christendom
B. Styles of Piety
4. Brethren of the Common Life
Gerhard Groote
Devotio moderna
5. Features of Lay Piety
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27. V. The State of Christendom
C. Movements of Doctrinal Reform
1. Wycliffe
Transubstantiation
2. The Lollards
3. Hus
Council of Constance, 1415
4. The Hussites
Jan Žižka (John of the Chalice)
Utraquist Church
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