1. QUIT 13
CHAPTER
European Middle Ages, 500–1200
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne
MAP
SECTION 2
Feudalism in Europe
GRAPH
SECTION
SECTION 3
The Age of Chivalry 4
The Church Wields Power
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. HOME 13
CHAPTER
European Middle Ages, 500–1200
Chapter Overview
After Charlemagne’s empire dissolves, people look to local leaders for protection from invaders. Feudalism and knighthood develop as a result of this need for protection. Later kings fail to revive Charlemagne’s empire. They struggle with the Church for power.

3. 13 European Middle Ages, 500–1200 HOME Time Line 500 1200
CHAPTER
European Middle Ages, 500–1200
Time Line
732 Charles Martel stops Muslim invasion.
900s Outside invasions spur growth of feudalism.
1190 Holy Roman Empire weakens.
500
1200
511 Clovis unites Franks under Christian rule.
800 Charlemagne crowned emperor by the pope.
962 Otto the Great crowned emperor.

4. Unite Under Charlemagne
HOME 1
Germanic Kingdoms
Unite Under Charlemagne
MAP
Key Idea
Invasions cause the fall of the Roman Empire, which is replaced by small kingdoms. The leader of the Frankish kingdom converts to Christianity. This religion spreads through western Europe as the Frankish kingdom expands. Charlemagne builds the Frankish kingdom into an empire.
Overview
Assessment

5. Unite Under Charlemagne
HOME 1
Germanic Kingdoms
Unite Under Charlemagne
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Middle Ages
• Franks
• monastery
• secular
• Carolingian Dynasty
• Charlemagne
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne’s empire.
Charlemagne spread Christian civilization through northern Europe, where it had a permanent impact.
Assessment

6. Method of Spreading Christianity
HOME 1
Germanic Kingdoms
Unite Under Charlemagne
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Summarize how each person listed below helped spread Christianity.
Method of Spreading Christianity
Clovis
Benedict
Gregory I
Charles Martel
Charlemagne
Converted himself and his army
Wrote rule book for monasteries
Extended papal power; blended church and government power
Defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours
Spread Christianity through conquests; was crowned emperor by pope
continued . . .

7. Unite Under Charlemagne
HOME 1
Germanic Kingdoms
Unite Under Charlemagne
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
2. After the fall of the Roman Empire, learning declined. How was this trend offset during the early Middle Ages? THINK ABOUT
• the establishment of monasteries
• Charlemagne’s accomplishments
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, copied books, and wrote scholarly works.
• Charlemagne opened a palace school and supported learning.
continued . . .

8. Unite Under Charlemagne
HOME 1
Germanic Kingdoms
Unite Under Charlemagne
MAP
Section 1
Assessment
3. How does Charlemagne’s empire in medieval Europe compare with the Roman Empire? THINK ABOUT
• the extent of the empire
• the spread of Christianity
• how long each empire endured
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Charlemagne’s empire covered parts of western Europe, a much smaller area than the Roman Empire.
Both empires helped spread Christianity.
Charlemagne’s empire lasted only 75 years, while the Roman Empire endured for nearly 600 years.
End of Section 1

9. Feudalism in Europe Key Idea 2
HOME 2
Feudalism in Europe
GRAPH
Key Idea
New invasions create chaos in western Europe. People look to local leaders, rather than to a central ruler, for protection. The system of feudalism develops, in which protection is provided in exchange for land or labor. Social classes become well defined under this system.
Overview
Assessment

10. Feudalism in Europe Overview 2 • lord • fief • vassal • knight • serf
HOME 2
Feudalism in Europe
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• lord
• fief
• vassal
• knight
• serf
• manor
• tithe
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Europeans developed feudalism, a political and military system of protective alliances and relationships.
The rights and duties of feudal relationships helped shape today’s forms of representative government.
Assessment

11. HOME 2
Feudalism in Europe
GRAPH
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the reasons why feudalism developed, and describe its consequences.
Causes
Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invasions;
decline of centralized government
Rise of Feudalism
Effects
Increased emphasis on warfare and the control of land;
well-defined social classes
continued . . .

12. HOME 2
Feudalism in Europe
GRAPH
Section 2
Assessment
2. What benefits do you think a medieval manor provided to the serfs who lived there? What were the drawbacks? THINK ABOUT
• the duties and rights of serfs
• serfs’ living conditions
ANSWER
Benefits: Fulfilled basic needs for food, shelter, and protection; provided security and a sense of belonging to a community
Drawbacks: Limited freedom; backbreaking labor; no awareness of the outside world; poor living conditions
Possible Responses:
End of Section 2

13. The Age of Chivalry Key Idea 3
HOME 3
The Age of Chivalry
Key Idea
Feudal lords create private armies of knights, who live by a complex set of ideals that guide behavior. Warfare is brutal, but poems idealize the life of a knight. In literature and songs, women are glorified as objects of romantic love. In reality most women are powerless.
Overview
Assessment

14. The Age of Chivalry Overview 3 • chivalry • tournament • troubadour
HOME 3
The Age of Chivalry
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• chivalry
• tournament
• troubadour
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The code of chivalry for knights glorified combat and romantic love.
Chivalry has shaped modern ideas of romance in Western cultures.
Assessment

15. HOME 3
The Age of Chivalry
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List ideas associated with chivalry.
Chivalry
courtly love
courage
war games
for glory
epic poems
horses as
status symbols
Christian faith
loyalty
courtesy
women on pedestal
continued . . .

16. HOME 3
The Age of Chivalry
Section 3
Assessment
2. Do you think the idea of romantic love helped or hindered women? Why? THINK ABOUT
• pros and cons of placing women on a “pedestal”
• the Church’s view of women
• the lyrics of love songs quoted in the text
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Helped women: Showed new respect and admiration; made the love between men and women more important; offset Church’s dim view of women
Hindered women: Fostered unrealistic visions of women; encouraged a distant admiration of women instead of a respect for women’s abilities and ideas; valued unrequited love over relationships or marriage; applied to very few women
continued . . .

17. HOME 3
The Age of Chivalry
Section 3
Assessment
3. What positive effects might the code of chivalry have had on feudal society? THINK ABOUT
• the ideals of chivalry
• the education of a knight
• the importance of religious faith
• the violence and constant warfare during the Middle Ages
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• taught boys about courtesy and honor
• softened the brutality of a warlike society
• created guidelines for social behavior
• encouraged the virtues of loyalty, faith, and bravery
• inspired great literature
End of Section 3

18. The Church Wields Power
HOME 4
The Church Wields Power
Key Idea
German kings’ attempts to revive Charlemagne’s empire and his alliance with the Church by invading Italy fail. The Church resents the power German kings have to appoint church officials.
Overview
Assessment

19. The Church Wields Power
HOME 4
The Church Wields Power
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• clergy
• sacrament
• canon law
• Holy Roman Empire
• lay investiture
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Church leaders and political leaders competed for power and authority.
Today many religious leaders still voice their opinions on political issues.
Assessment

20. The Church Wields Power
HOME 4
The Church Wields Power
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. The dates below were significant during the Holy Roman Empire. Explain the importance of each date shown.
936
1077
1190
962
1122
Otto I crowned king.
Henry IV’s journey to Canossa
(power struggle)
Frederick I’s empire breaks up into feudal states.
Otto I crowned emperor.
Concordat of Worms
(power struggle)
continued . . .

21. The Church Wields Power
HOME 4
The Church Wields Power
Section 4
Assessment
2. Do you think the Concordat of Worms was a fair compromise for both the emperor and the Church? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the Church’s authority in spiritual matters
• the emperor’s political power
• the problems that remained unresolved
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Yes. It gave the Church the right to appoint bishops.
No. The emperor still had ultimate control over the appointment of bishops.
End of Section 4