1. Ancient Rome
SOL WHI.6

2. Blank Map of Italian Peninsula

3. #1. Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial?
The Geography of Rome
#1. Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial?

4. Location Located on the Italian Peninsula.
Created a crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest in the Mediterranean basin.
Definition of a peninsula: a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water.
The Alps provided Italy with protection, as did the seas surrounding the Italian Peninsula.

5. Italian Peninsula

6. The Geography of Rome Italians built their cities on the hill. #2 WHY?
Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines. IMPORTANCE?
Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns. (Foreshadowing)
They also built cities near rivers for a source of fresh water. Rome lies on the Tiber River.
Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful food supply and the city’s early growth.

7. Seven Hills of Rome

8. The Etruscans (video) Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory
Lived north of Rome
Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient Etruria)
Enemies of the Romans
Taught the Romans:
Arch in architecture
drainage and sewer-building
phalanx military formation
Alphabet which was taught to the Etruscans by the Greeks.

9. #3 Why are myths and legends created
#3 Why are myths and legends created? #4 Why do you think the she-wolf was widely accepted as the one who took care of the boys straight out of the water instead of the Sheppard’s wife?

10. Religion and Mythology
Religion was polytheistic.
Religion was part of Rome’s culture, politics, and art.
Roman gods and goddesses were based on Greek mythology and other religions.

11. Roman gods Greek Name Role
Jupiter Zeus King of gods
Juno Hera Queen of gods
Neptune Poseidon God of Seas
Mars Ares God of War
Venus Aphrodite God of Love
Mercury Hermes Messenger
Manerva Athena God of Wisdom

12. Jupiter

13. Juno

14. Neptune

15. Venus

16. #5. Why do you think people believed some of their leaders were gods?
Romans also deified some emperors during the Age of Empires.
Deified – gave “godlike” status to emperors.
#5. Why do you think people believed some of their leaders were gods?

17. Social Structure of Ancient Rome
The Roman Republic contained 3 social classes: patricians, plebians, and slaves.
Patricians – wealthy (few in number).
Plebians – majority of population consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and farmers.
Slaves – people forced into servant class by conquest

18. Citizenship – was held by all patricians and plebeians and extended to a few aliens as a privilege.
Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non-Romans.
All citizens:
vote
pay taxes
serve in the military.

19. Republic – Representative Democracy

20. #6. What would the U.S. equivalent (the same/equal) be of Consul?
Government –509 BCE
Consuls – at the top of government.
2 people elected by the Assembly each year.
Served one year terms.
Could veto (reject) decisions by the Assembly.
Ran the government.
#6. What would the U.S. equivalent (the same/equal) be of Consul?

21. President of U.S. enforces laws
How many people serve as president of the U.S. at one time?
How long is a president’s term?
How many terms can a president serve?

22. Representation
Rome was a representative democracy known as a Republic.
Two bodies made up the representative branch of government – The Assembly and Senate.

23. Assembly – made laws for Rome
Senate – made up of patricians and controlled the finances and foreign affairs of Rome.
Assembly – made laws for Rome
Tribunes – part of the assembly that was made up plebeians.
Represented tribes (localities) of Rome.
Could veto actions of Senate and Consuls.
Later they gained the rights to make laws.

25. The Twelve Tables – First written set of Roman laws (451 BCE).
The Republic became increasingly more and more democratic as plebeians gained rights and power.
The Twelve Tables – First written set of Roman laws (451 BCE).
Defined laws and gave plebeians more rights.

26. Constitution of U.S. – Our written laws

27. Roman Republic Government
Video Clip: The Senate and the People of Rome
Questions #7 and #8

28. Punic Wars
Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years, to determine the supremacy (#9) of the Mediterranean world.
Intro Video

29. #10 Who controlled most of Sicily by 264 BC?

30. 1st Punic War
Carthaginians had taken control of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.
Romans marched south to defeat Carthaginians.
Romans won and gained the three islands.

31. 2nd Punic War
Hannibal, Carthaginian general, commanded a mixed army of North Africans and Europeans against Rome.
218 BCE – led troops with elephants across Pyrenees Mountains of Spain, through France, and over the Alps of Italy into northern Italy
Trek took 15 years – arrived with most of his men and most of the elephants.
Roman army had expected a southern invasion.
Hannibal Song Video

32. Hannibal got to Rome but never defeated the city of Rome.
Rome counter-attacked the city of Carthage.
Hannibal left Italy to defend Carthage and was defeated outside of Carthage.
Carthage gave up all land except in Africa.
Rome now ruled most of the Mediterranean.
Hannibal was later tracked down and committed suicide.

33. 2nd Punic War Map

34. 3rd Punic War
Rome was still angry from the 2nd Punic War and Carthage was mounting forces for an attack of Rome.
Rome attacked Carthage first and completely destroyed the city.

35. Results of the Punic Wars
Romans destroyed its major political and economic competitor.
Roman culture would now follow conquest.
Now Rome dominated the Mediterranean.
Rome developed its navy.
Romans would remain unchallenged and conquered Western Europe.

37. Changes to Rome after the Punic Wars
Large landowners began to use more slaves.
Caused small farmers to lose their lands and move to cities.
As cities grew, these people were unable to find work.
The Middle Class (plebeians) demanded more rights.
Rome entered into a time of civil war for 100 years.
Slave and plebeians uprising.

38. Julius Caesar Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman Army.
Popular for his military conquest.
60 BCE Caesar joined with Pompey (military hero) and Crassus (the richest man in Rome) to form the First Triumvirate.

39. Julius Caesar

40. Pompey

42. Caesar turned his army towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the Senate.
Together they ruled Rome, but jealousies soon turned them against each other.
Caesar turned his army towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the Senate.
“Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered.
Caesar then made himself dictator for life.

43. Causes for fall of Roman Republic and Rise of Roman Empire
Spread of slavery.
Unemployment of small farmers in cities.
Civil war with Caesar gaining power.

44. Caesar’s Reforms Maintained the Senate but Caesar had the real power.
Packed the Senate with his followers.
Public works of Rome (roads, aqueducts, buildings) to employ the poor.
Public land to the poor.
Extended citizenship to conquered people.
Julian Calendar – based on Egyptian calendar and used for 1600 years.

45. Ides of March Senate grew more fearful of Caesar’s power.
March 15, 44 BCE – “Beware of the Ides of March!”
Caesar was murdered by members of the Senate.
Rome broke out into a new civil war.
Julius Caesar Video

46. “The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or Which is it?”

47. End of the Republic After Caesar died
His 18 year old grandnephew Octavian joined forces with Marc Antony (Caesar’s general) and Marcus Lepidus
Second triumvirate defeated Caesar’s assassins in 42BCE
Lepidus
Octavian
Antony