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Molecules of Life
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Organic Compounds: Molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen atom.
Chemistry of Carbon Atoms Carbon atoms form chains Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life Functional Groups: particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.
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Everything here is organic …..oops except for the bottle
Organic Molecules Contain Carbon and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms Everything here is organic …..oops except for the bottle
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons – C, H Carbohydrates – C, H, O Proteins – C, H, O, N, S Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P
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Hydrocarbons contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
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H C Hydrogen atom Carbon atom
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Methane = simple hydrocarbon
CH4 H C H H Methane = simple hydrocarbon
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A simple organic molecule with 1 Carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms
Energy released when hydrogen separated from carbon during burning
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Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen)
Ethane Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen) Propane
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Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)
Butane Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)
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Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon
Gasoline Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon
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Monomers Dimers Polymers
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? What are monomers? What are polymers?
Monomers = small molecules linked together to form chains. What are polymers? Polymers = monomers linked together in chains . Poly = many mer = parts or units Polymer = many parts linked together ?
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Like monomers Like a polymer
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OH HO HOH O Dimer & Polymer formation (Monomer A) (Monomer B)
Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting) HOH (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Monomer A O dimer = two monomers
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Biologically important organic compounds
Carbohydrates Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = sugar Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Dissaccharides Ex. Sucrose Polysaccharides Ex. Starch and Glycogen (long chains of glucose molecules)
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ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:2:1
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells CARBOHYDRATES Function: quick energy structural support Characteristics: H – C – OH ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:2:1 Monomer is the monosaccharide
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Starch is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in plants. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose - used for storage. It is found in plants. We cannot digest cellulose!
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Glycogen is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in animals.
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Biologically important organic compounds
Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Sulfur) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
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PROTEINS: Structure and Function of proteins controls structure and function of all life
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Polypeptide or Protein
Proteins Amino Acids Dipeptide Polypeptide or Protein
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The monomer form is called an an amino acid.
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Characteristics The monomer form is called an an amino acid. A central or alpha carbon which is connected to the following: amino group carboxylic acid group hydrogen R-group
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins
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These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters
Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words)
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What process do you use to form a peptide bond?
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins What process do you use to form a peptide bond? NCC – NCC – NCC- NCC - NCC
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Structural – bones, muscles, collagen
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Functions Structural – bones, muscles, collagen Enzymes – proteins which speed up chemical reactions Transportation – hemoglobin within your red blood cells transports oxygen to all parts of your body Protection – antibodies enable you to fight off infections MORE MORE MORE!
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Biologically important organic compounds
56 Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids
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do not dissolve in water no simple monomer structure Types
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS Function: long term energy storage insulation protective cushion forms cell membranes hormones Characteristics: do not dissolve in water no simple monomer structure Types Fats and Oils Phospholipids Steroids
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LIPIDS – Phosopholipid
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Phosopholipid
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58 Fatty acid glycerol Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers called fatty acids and glycerol
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LIPIDS – Fats and Oils Triglyceride
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Fats and Oils Triglyceride What atoms are these molecules made of? Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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LIPIDS – Triglycerides
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Triglycerides Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid tails Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon double bond in any of their fatty acid tails What is the difference between oil and butter?
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat
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Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Other Lipids Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen
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Proteins as Enzymes
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Models of Enzymes
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How do enzymes work???
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The Role of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex
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Figure 5.5A Jumping-bean analogy for energy of activation (EA) and the role of enzymes
EA barrier Reactants Products 1 2 Enzyme ENERGY LEVEL Progress of reaction or time
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Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity
Rate of reaction Temperature (C) 20 40 60 80 100 Enzyme A Enzyme B
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Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity
Optimal pH for two enzymes Rate of reaction 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (Cº) (a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes (b) Optimal pH for two enzymes pH Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme enzyme of thermophilic Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) Optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzyme) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (heat-tolerant) bacteria
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Biologically important organic compounds
Contain Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphate Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
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make up genes which store all of the information about an organism
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids Function: make up genes which store all of the information about an organism energy currency of the cell Characteristics: monomer is a nucleotide 5- carbon sugar phosphate group 1 of 5 nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, or uracil)
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids A = T G = C
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Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids
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DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Phosphate group
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids Types of nucleic acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Phosphate group Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine Double-stranded structure (double helix) RNA – ribonucleic acid Ribose Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine Single-stranded linear structure
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ATP – adenosine triphosphate Ribose
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids ATP – adenosine triphosphate Ribose 3 phosphate groups - the terminal or last phosphate is held on by a high energy but weak bond – when this bond is broken energy is released Adenine
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RECAP
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How do monomers become polymers?
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells How do monomers become polymers? Dehydration synthesis – Removal of a water molecule between two reacting molecules forming a new covalent bond in the process
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How do polymers become monomers?
Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells How do polymers become monomers? Hydrolysis – Addition of a water molecule to a polymer to break a bond within a polymer to form the monomers
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