2. Biological Molecules

3. Six Most Common Elements of Living Things
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur

4. A.K.A – Organic Compounds
Biological Molecules
A.K.A – Organic Compounds
Organic – Containing Carbon
Inorganic – Not containing Carbon
Ex: Ca, NaCl, Mg
4 Classes of Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

5. Carbon is King Carbon is the main component of biological molecules
Carbon can form 4 bonds with other atoms
Carbon can form double and triple bonds
The more bonds that exist between 2 atoms, the stronger the bond is…..therefore, the stronger the molecule.

7. Biomolecules Definitions
Monomer: A single subunit of a polymer
Polymer: A compound made of many monomers bonded together
Macromolecule: A large complex molecule
*A polymer is a macromolecule

8. Carbohydrates Structure
Contain the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)
The ratio is 1:2:1. Example C6H12O6
C6H12O6 – carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide, glucose, simple sugar
sugar names end in -ose
Monosaccharides as polymers are disaccharides or polysaccharides

10. Carbohydrate Formation
Carbohydrates are created by the joining of glucose molecules by glycosidic bonds.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

11. Carbohydrates Function Examples
Carbohydrates are a key source of energy in cells
Form structural components in cells and tissues
Examples
Glycogen - Energy storage molecule in animal cells
Starch - Energy storage molecule in plant cells
Cellulose – component of cell walls in plant cells
cannot be digested by humans

12. Lipids A fat E Structure 3 Fatty Acids Glycerol backbone
Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

13. Lipid Examples and Their Functions
Lipids are nonpolar (balanced charges) molecules
They are insoluble in water
Lipids vary in examples and their functions
Fats – for long term energy storage and insulation
Phospholipids – components of cell membranes
Waxes – protection and insulation
Steroids – cholesterol (structural) and hormones (varied functions)

14. Lipids - Fats Fats is an example of a lipid that can be found in food
Saturated Fats: Have no double bonds in the fatty acid tails. All carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen.
Solid at room temperature
Ex: butter, cream, cheese, fatty meats, lard
Unsaturated Fats: Have one or more double bonds in the fatty acid tails. Carbons are unsaturated with hydrogen
Liquid at room temperature
Ex: oils

16. Proteins Structure Polymer of amino acids subunits
Contains the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur
Polymer of amino acids subunits
20 amino acids (similar structure, but different “R” group)
Proteins are often
referred to as
polypeptides

17. Protein Formation
Proteins are created by the joining of amino acids by peptide bonds.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

18. Protein Structure Folding of protein determines the shape – 4 levels
Order of amino acids determines the type and function of the protein
Folding of protein determines the shape – 4 levels

19. Proteins: Examples and Functions
Keratin – structural component of outer layer or skin
(epidermis), hair and nails
Collagen – in connective tissue found in
tendons, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage,
bone, blood vessels and the intestines
Antibodies – proteins that identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
Hemoglobin – protein that carries oxygen in red blood
cells
Actin and Myosin – proteins involved in
muscle contraction
Enzymes – proteins that catalyze (speed up)
chemical reactions

21. Nucleic Acids Structure
Contains the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorous
A polymer of nucleotides
Five nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
**Order of the bases determines the sequence of nucleic acid

22. Nucleic Acids - Examples
Two Types
DNA – stores genetic information
A,T, C, G
RNA – assists in translation of genetic information from DNA to protein
A, U, G, C

23. Nucleic Acid Formation
Nucleic acids are created by the joining of nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds.
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)