1. Organic Compounds: Proteins

2. Basic Overview contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Water is the most abundant molecule in the body Water is the most abundant molecule in the body Proteins are the 2 nd most abundant! Proteins are the 2 nd most abundant!

3. Amino Acids = building blocks! All proteins are made of amino acids All proteins are made of amino acids –Amino acids = building blocks = monomers –20 essential amino acids peptide bond- the bond that holds amino acids together to form a protein peptide bond- the bond that holds amino acids together to form a protein –Peptides = chains of amino acids A single protein can be made of hundreds or thousands of amino acids A single protein can be made of hundreds or thousands of amino acids The human body has ~100,000 different proteins! The human body has ~100,000 different proteins!

4. Protein Structure All proteins have a unique shape All proteins have a unique shape –amino acid chain twists and turns to create a specialized shape –amino acid order determines protein shape order changes => shape changes => protein cannot function!!! order changes => shape changes => protein cannot function!!!

5. Functions Control cell activities & chemical reactions (enzymes) Control cell activities & chemical reactions (enzymes) –cell metabolism –Metabolism = all reactions involved in OBTAINING and USING ENERGY cellular transport cellular transport immune system function immune system function muscle function muscle function structure structure –tissues and organs –hair, nails, horns, hoofs, etc.

6. What are Enzymes? very important proteins very important proteins only found in living things only found in living things change the rate of a chemical reaction change the rate of a chemical reaction –also called catalysts –can speed up reactions –control metabolic processes

7. Why are Enzymes Important? help make materials needed by cells help make materials needed by cells release energy release energy transfer information transfer information also involved in chemical reactions of digestion, reproduction, respiration, vision, movement, thought, etc. also involved in chemical reactions of digestion, reproduction, respiration, vision, movement, thought, etc.

8. Factors that Affect Enzymes Enzyme activity can be affected by: Enzyme activity can be affected by: –temperature –pH Cells must maintain homeostasis of pH and temperature for enzymes to work best! Cells must maintain homeostasis of pH and temperature for enzymes to work best! All enzymes have optimal (BEST) pH levels and temperatures that work fastest at! All enzymes have optimal (BEST) pH levels and temperatures that work fastest at!

9. pH Temperature

10. Nucleic Acids

11. Structure  composed of the elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus  Built from nucleotides  Very large and complex!

12. Nucleotides  Nucleotides = Building blocks of nucleic acids = monomers  Consist of three basic parts:  5-carbon sugar (a carbohydrate)  phosphate group  nitrogenous base

13. Functions  Two basic types:  RNA = ribonucleic acid  contains the sugar ribose  Involved in making proteins  DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid  contains the sugar deoxyribose  genetic information  Blueprints/instructions for life!