1. Organic or BIOCHEMISTRY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON IS CALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO 2 ) PHOSPHORUS SULFUR aka “CHNOPS”

2. Unique Properties of Carbon Forms 4 covalent bonds Long Carbon chains are formed.

3. CARBON COMPOUNDS THERE ARE 4 Major CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS: 1. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS 2. LIPIDS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS 3. PROTEINS

4. CARBOHYDRATES Chemical Structure Saccharide (monomer/subunit) One saccharide or Monosaccharide

5. Common Monosaccharides Glucose Galactose Fructose gl ga Common Disaccharides Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose Glucose + Glucose = Maltose glga fr += glfr+= gl += ga glfr gl “ose” = sugar

6. Common Polysaccharides gl Starch gl ….. Cellulose Starch = Sugar Cellulose is undigestible sugar (cotton, paper, wood, stems) Glycogen = quick sugar because of branching gl ….. Glycogen gl

7. CARBOHYDRATES INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, & CELLULOSE PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS

8. Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6. –Main product of photosynthesis –Starting material for Cellular Respiration –“fuel” in living things transported by body fluids to all cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.

9. Polysaccharides: complex carbs Formed by linking many monosaccharides Starches: hundreds of glucose units linked together –Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS Glycogen: stored in human liver –Thousands of glucose units Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT) –Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms »Wood »Cell walls of plants ***Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!***

10. Lipids Chemical Structure Fatty Acid (monomer/subunit)

11. Lipids

13. LIPIDS INCLUDE FATS, OILS,, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS,. CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDS FOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE = FAT PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE Nonpolar & Polar portions

14. Cell Membrane – Lipids Phospholipid bilayer

15. Lipids Saturated: C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C Unsaturated C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

16. PROTEIN Chemical Structure Amino Acid (monomer/subunit)

17. PROTEIN

18. PROTEINS Most complex organic molecules COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs) Protein Functions enzymes, muscles, skin, hair

19. NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA/RNA) Nucleotide (monomer/subunit) Nitrogen Base Sugar Phosphate

20. NUCLEIC ACIDS

21. LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIAL Made of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base) 1.DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A (deoxyribose sugar) 2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar) D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES

23. Carbon Cycle