1. Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
Chapter 29 Notes
Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

2. Background
More than 280,000 species of plants inhabit the Earth today Although some are aquatic, most are terrestrial: deserts, grasslands, forests Land plants evolved from certain green algae called charophyceans

3. Four main groups of land plants:
1. Bryophytes 2. Pteridophytes 3. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms

4. 4 Main Groups of Land Plants
Bryophytes: mosses; distinguished from algae by advances that allow for life on land Pteridophytes: ferns; contain vascular tissue (transport water and food); “seedless plants” Gymnosperms: conifers; “naked seed” (seeds are not enclosed in a special chamber) Seed: consists of a plant embryo packaged with food and a protective coat Angiosperms: flowering plants; “container seed”; most modern-day plants

5. Evolution of Plants Flow Chart
algal ancestors  bryophytes  vascular plants  the origin of seeds  the evolution of flowers

7. Things to Remember
Charophyceans are the green algae most closely related to land plants Plasma membranes contain rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes - synthesize the cellulose of cell walls Same enzymes in peroxisomes that help minimize the loss of product due to photorespiration

8. Concept 29.1

9. Things to Remember
Several terrestrial adaptations distinguish land plants from charophycean algae - growth in length is from apical meristems - multicellular, dependent embryos - alternation of generations: gametophyte and sporophyte

10. Apical Meristem

11. Gametophyte v. Sporophyte
The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite & grow into the sporophyte generation
Sporophyte
The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes & that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

12. Gametophyte & Sporophyte

13. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte & Sporophyte generations are the two multicellular body forms that alternate the life cycle of land plants. Cells of the gametophyte are haploid and produce gametes. Fusion of eggs and sperm during fertilization results in diploid zygotes.

14. Alternation of Generations cont.
Mitotic division of the zygote results in the multicellular , diploid sporophyte. Meiosis in a mature sporophyte will result in haploid reproductive cells called spores. A spore is a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell. Mitotic division will then produce new multicellular gametophytes.

15. Plant Adaptations as a result of being terrestial
There are other adaptations that are common in many land plants 1. Adaptations for water conservation: - formation of a cuticle - stomata contain guard cells

16. Plant Adaptations
2. Adaptations for water transport: Except for bryophytes, land plants have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue - xylem: carry water and minerals up from root - phloem: distribute sugars and amino acids throughout the plant

17. Xylem & Phloem

18. Plant Adaptations….
3. Adaptations to shallow water preadapted plants for living on land - natural selection would favor those that could withstand occasional drying

19. Plant History
Land plants evolved from charophycean algae over 500 mya - chloroplasts: chlorophyll b and beta-carotene - homologous cell walls - peroxisomes

20. Plant History
Alteration of generations in plants may have adapted by delayed meiosis Charophycean zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores Plant zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular sporophyte to produce haploid spores by meiosis

21. Four different groups of Land Plants
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
Bryophytes
VASCULAR PLANTS
Seedless
Pteridophytes
Seeds
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

22. Bryophytes
Bryophytes are represented by 3 phyla: 1. Hepatophyta (liverwarts) 2. Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 3. Bryophyta (mosses)

23. Bryophyte pictures…

24. The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycle of bryophytes - sporophytes are typically smaller and present only part of the time - up to 50 million spores can be generated in one spore capsule

25. Bryophyte cycle

26. Mosses are able to exist in very harsh climates - able to loose most of their body water without dying, then rehydrate later Bryophytes were the only plants on Earth for 100 million years

27. Vascular Plants
Modern vascular plants include ferns (pteridophytes), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) Differ from bryophytes - contain phloem and xylem - dominant sporophyte generation

28. Seedless v Seed Plants
2 phyla of seedless vascular plants: phylum Lycophyta and phylum Pterophyta (ferns) Pteridophytes (seedless vascular plants) provide clues to the evolution of roots and leaves

29. Pteridophytes
Most pteridophytes have true roots with lignified vascular tissue Lycophytes have small leaves with only a single unbranched vein; known as microphylls - modern leaves are known as megaphylls

30. Sporophytes
A sporophyte-dominant life cycle evolved in seedless vascular plants Homosporous plants: produce one type of spore Heterosporus plants: produce megaspores (female) and microspores (male)

31. Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II: Seed Plants
Introduces the Seed Plants
Seed plants are vascular plants that produce seeds
Sporophyte is the dominant generation
Becomes diploid and can carry recessive alleles from one generation to the next

32. All seed plants are heterosporous
Megasporangia – produce megaspores that will produce female (egg-containing) gametophytes
Microsporangia – produce microspores that will produce male (sperm-containing) gametophytes

33. Layers of sporophyte tissue called integuments cover the megasporangium
The developing embryo is encased in a protective seed coat and supplied with its own source of food (endosperm or cotyledons)

34. Diagram of a Gymnosperm Seed

35. Seeds allow the embryo to be moved away from the parent by wind, water, and animals Seed plants are not tied to water for fertilization; pollen grains do not need to be transported by liquid

36. Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms lack enclosed chambers in which seeds develop; instead, seeds develop on the surfaces of specialized leaves called sporophylls. About 900 species of gymnosperms are divided into 4 phyla: 1. Ginkgo 2. Cycads 3. Gnetophytes 4. Conifers

37. Ginkgophyta
Phylum Ginkgophyta: - Ginkgo biloba is the only extant species - used in herbal medicine - produce pollen and seeds on separate trees (dioecious: “two houses”)

38. Gingko Images

39. Cycadophyta
Phylum Cycadophyta: - about 100 cycad species - palm-like appearance (but not a palm) - seeds are often passed by beetles and bees

40. Gnetophyta
Phylum Gnetophyta: - consists of three genera that are very different in appearance - Ephedra grows in U.S. deserts - Welwitschia grow in Africa

41. Coniferophyta
Phylum Coniferophyta: - conifer = “cone bearer” - called evergreens because they retain their needle-shaped leaves - male and female gametophytes appear on the same tree (monoecious: “one house”)
conifers are among the oldest and largest organisms on Earth
we get much of our lumber and paper pulp from conifers

42. Concept 30.2

43. Anthophyta
Phylum Anthophyta: - all angiosperms are placed in one phylum Two classes: monocots and dicots
Monocots
Parallel Leaf Veins
Complex arrangement of Vascular Bundles
Fibrous Root System
Flower Parts in multiples of 3
Dicots
Netlike Leaf Veins
Vascular Bundles arranged in a ring
Taproot usually present
Flower Parts in multiples of 4 or 5

44. Anothophyta cont.
- all are heterosporous - gametophyte is greatly reduced reproductive parts of the flower male parts: stamen contains the anther and filament female parts: carpel contains the stigma, style, and ovary

46. Anthophyta
- after fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed; the endosperm is retained in the cotyledon - as the seed develops, the ovary begins to mature around the seed to form fruit

47. Concept 30.3