1. WHY study music. 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3
WHY study music? 1. Musician 2. Advertising 3. Presentations at work or party 4. Knowledge to impress co-workers 5.putting on a profession show 6. arts separate us as a species (for enjoyments sake)

2. What is Music? Organized sound in time?
Performance was only media today blessed with high quality recordings and playback mobile devices plus unprecedented access to all kinds of music.
What is Sound? Vibrations interpreted by Brain into anything you hear

3. FOUR MAIN properties of sound :
Pitch
Dynamics
Tone Color
Rhythm (time)

4. PITCH: highness or lowness of defiant vibrations (frequency of sound waves)= tones (440 cycles per second) distance between two tones is interval ( i.e. 440 to 460) tones that are doubled or half are called octave (i.e 220 to 440 to 880) In western music octave is divided into twelve tones Non-western can have more. Definite pitch (piano, guitar, trumpets, keyboards) Vs. Indefinite (drums, percussive)

5. DYNAMICS: degrees of loudness and softness (amplitude)
accent= play one or few notes differently than those around it
dynamic markings = pp(pianissimo) ,p (piano) ,mp (mezzo piano),mf (mezzo forte),f (forte),ff (fortissimo)
crescendo & decrescendo
TONE COLOR: timbre = bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, rich, ect…
By combining instruments, using different ways to play them and with today’s electronics almost and infinite amount of tone colors available.

6. Rhythm (time) How fast or slow (tempo) (BPM)
Number of beats in a measure
Feels (laidback, on top,ect..)
All instruments or vocalist play time

7. HOW VOCALS RELATE TO PITCH/ DYNAMICS/ TONE COLOR/ RHYTHM
pitch octaves (12 notes on piano)
VOICES = Singing styles use all 4 or some of the properties of music plus introduces words and story telling.
Pitch Range of vocal= pro singers can get up to 2 octaves (octave is doubled same pitch freq 220hz 440hz 880hz ect.)
larger vocal chords make larger sine wavs (lower pitch) four basic ranges: SOPRANO, ALTO, TENOR, BASS

8. Methods of singing or singing style differ with how singer uses the four types of sound & lyrically content.
Examples – Opera uses wide pitch range, tone color of singer?, lots of dynamics, and varying rhythms
JAZZ = good pitch range but less than Opera / dynamics Big/ rhythm varies but less, goes with the groove/
Rock / Pop = usually uses less pitch range, tone color of singer, some dynamics, less rhythmic variations
Hip Hop / Rap = usually uses almost no pitch range , tone color of singer, less dynamics, relies heavily on rhythm

9. Performance media INSTRUMENTS = mechanism other than a voice that produces musical sounds. (single note or multi) CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6 ELECTRONIC

10. Bass (Baritone or Contra)
Different class of types sometimes have
Soprano,
Alto
Tenor
Bass (Baritone or Contra)
subclasses determined by pitch
Advantages/ differences to voices
wider range, faster, more tone color options, larger dynamic range, sometimes easier to produce tones than singing, can be organized into multiple different groups to produce varying types of sound combinations.

11. WOODWINDS
traditional made out of wood
produce sound with air columns that have holes that are covered or uncovered to change length of air column.
produces only one note at a time.

12. (flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed) Clarinet Family
Flute family
(flute, piccolo, recorder-NO reed)
Clarinet Family
(clarinet & saxophone –single reed)
Saxophones- Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bari
Oboe Family
(oboe, English horn -double reed)
Bassoon Family
(bassoon, contrabassoon – double reed)

13. Four Main instruments are
BRASS
Four Main instruments are
Trumpet
Trombone
French Horn
Tuba

14. blowing into cup of funnel shaped mouth piece , vibrations come from players lips not a reed.
tone is then colored in the flared end called the BELL.
pitch is controlled by varying lip tension and by values and slides to change the length of the tube (sometimes hand on a French horn).
tone color can be altered by using a mute (made of wood, plastic, or metal) on or in the bell
single note instruments

15. THE RHYTHM SECTION
Drum-set
Percussion
Bass (Stringed)
The Guitar (Stringed)
Keyboards

16. THE DRUMSET (Indefinite Pitch)
Bass drum
Snare
Tom Toms
Rack Toms
Floor Toms
Cymbals
Rides & Crash
Hi Hats

17. Percussion Tambourines Shakers Cowbells Chimes Vibes Indefinite Pitch

18. BASS (definite pitch /low range)
Electric
Fretless electric
Acoustic upright
Arco technique

19. Guitar (Definite Pitch / Mid range)
Acoustic
Arch Top
Electric

20. Keyboard (Definite Pitch / Full Range)
The Piano (88 Keys)
The Organ
Fender Rhodes
Analog Synthesizer
Digital Synthesizer
THE COMPUTER (analog and digital looping)

21. ANALOG TAPE STUDIO
recorded sound was manipulated by slowing and speeding tape cutting or splicing tape
length of looped tape could be timed to give rhythmic feel

22. COMPUTERS
with use of MIDI (code that allows digital instruments and computers to talk to one another) computers can now not only record music but be part of the creation process.
with programs you can control sound , change sound, fix sound. (GOOD vs. BAD)
I.E. fixing singers pitch, rhythm, same with any instrument but can create sounds and rhythms that are physically impossible to do live.

23. CLASSES OF INSTRUMENTS 1 WOODWIND 2 BRASS 3PERCUSSION 4 STRING 5 KEYBOARD 6 ELECTRONIC THE RHYTHM SECTION Drum-set Percussion Bass (Stringed) The Guitar (Stringed) Keyboards

24. ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..)
STANDARD OR COMMMON
GROUPS &ENESEMBLES
TONE COLOR MIX
RANGE COMPLIMENTS
DYNAMIC COMPLIMENTS
ROLE PLAYING (Harmony /Melody/Rhythm ect..)

25. Typical Pop/Rock Band:
Drums = TIME/RHYTHM/FEEL
Bass = TIME & ROOT NOTES
Guitar = TIME & CHORDS & LEADS
Keys = CHORDS & EFFECT
Vocals = LEAD MELODY
HORNS = LEADS & EFFECTS

26. FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1
FINDING LOCAL STL MUSICIANS & VENUES

27. (writing & reading music)
MUSICAL NOTATION
(writing & reading music)
RHYTHMIC NOTATION
&
MELODIC NOTATION

28. RHYTHM Beat or Pulse=where is it felt? Examples?
Measured in BPM (beats per minute)
Speed referred to as TEMPO (how fast how slow)

29. Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop Classical / Orchestral
TEMPOS
Pop/Rock/Jazz/Hip Hop
usually steady
Classical / Orchestral
tempos can vary inside the piece

30. Italian tempo markings on p. 32
(know at least a couple of these!)
Largo – very slow, broad
Grave – very slow, solemn
Adagio – slow
Andante – moderately slow, walking pace
Moderato – moderate
Allegretto – moderately fast
Allegro – fast
Vivace – lively
Presto – very fast
Prestissimo – as fast as possible

31. Meter ( 2 ,3, 4, 6,7, ect..)
(duple, triple, quadruple, sextuple, ect…)
Dynamic accent = to emphasize a note in the rhythm
Syncopation = when the accented note is between beats or where you wouldn’t normally expect it

32. Rhythm notation
Time Signatures ¾ 4/4 6/8
pulse – 3 or 4 (the 4/4 measure most common)

33. Rhythm notation
stems and flags
whole notes thru 16th notes equal too how many 16ths in 4/4 measure

34. Rhythm notation
dotted notes ( 1 ½ value)
rest and dotted rest
ties / triplets (3 over 2)

35. MELODIC NOTATION The KEYBOARD -keyboard has most of the available notes or range of all traditional instruments -keyboard is used as basis and most musicians also play a little piano as well staff related to notes on keyboard - Ć ƒ

36. The KEYBOARD CHROMATIC SCALE = all 12 tones from octave to octave Whole steps = 2 movements in the chromatic scale Half steps = 1 movement in the chromatic scale - Ć ƒ

37. The Grand Staff MELODIC NOTATION TREBLE & BASS CLEFS
Every Good Boy Does Fine /FACE – Treble
Good Boys Do Fine Always / All Cows Eat Grass -Bass

38. SCALES & KEYS

39. Single Note MELODY LINE
CLEF (Treble or Bass)
Key Signature
Time Signature
NOTES and ACCIDENTALS

40. CHORDS
CHORD SYMBOLS

41. PIANO MUSIC Melody in the right hand – Single notes Harmony in the left hand - Chords

42. THE SCORE
Individual parts
The conductors Score
Lead Sheets

44. THE LEAD SHEET

45. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2 Notation identification

46. MELODY
Melody usually single note phrases that is the LEAD of the piece
= single notes that add to a recognizable whole

47. A MELODY HAS
START / MIDDLE / END
DIRECTION / SHAPE / CONTINUITY
UP & DOWN

48. A MELODY HAS
TENSION & RELEASE
EXPECTION & ARRIVAL
MOVING IN STEPS or LEAPS

49. A MELODY HAS
RANGE = highest & lowest notes used in the melody (highest often called the CLIMAX)

50. are very important & can make melody unrecognizable
Time & Rhythm
are very important & can make melody unrecognizable

51. Legato vs. Staccato
Phrases & Sequence
Incomplete Cadence vs. Complete Cadence

52. THEMES Re-occuring Elements Pitches Rhythms Melodic shapes Tone Colors
Associations

53. HARMONY
To accompany with chords or other, related to the Main Melody but separate.
The Backround usually
Usually composed second
Multiple melodies can be imposed over same harmony
Harmony can be changed around original Melody

54. HARMONY = chords (more than 1 note at a time) how they are constructed
Progressions (how they follow 1 another)

55. Melody usually written 1st & dictates harmony will be
harmony can move & change against melody to create new textures
Basic Chord vocab. Has remained constant for hundreds of years, but new chord constructs do appear now& then.

56. CONSONANCE vs. DISSONANCE
Consonance = points of arrival, rest, resolution, they sound finished
Dissonance = create tension, onward motion towards consonance, considered “active”
harshness of dissonant chords is relative to time periods

57. THE TRIAD
most common type of chords most basic made of only 3 different tones
other chords can have 4, 5, 6, and more different notes.
notated as Root , 3rd, 5th, stacking on staff
4 basic TRIADS / MAJ, MIN, DIM, AUG

58. BROKEN CHORDS (Arpeggios)
playing of chords (triads) as individual notes in sequence instead of all at the same time.

59. KEYS
Most melody and harmony are built around key centers (scales)
Chromatic scale all 12 tones of western octave (movement on keyboard)
Key signatures ( sharps and flats to add or take away)

60. --MAJOR KEYS C major scale (white keys / tetra chord steps in chromatic scale / steps same everywhere just higher or lower) MINOR KEYS --minor scales (sad keys)

61. Modulation (Changing of keys) Tonic key (key you started in)

62. MUSICAL TEXTURE
Monophonic
Polyphonic
Homophonic

63. 1 melodic line Unison if more
MUSICAL TEXTURE
Monophonic
1 melodic line Unison if more
Can have 1 or more than one voice or instrument playing/singing the same line

64. more than 1 melodic line combined to make COUNTERPOINT
MUSICAL TEXTURE
Polyphonic
more than 1 melodic line combined to make COUNTERPOINT
Imitation = Row Row Row Your boat …
as a Round is strict imitation.
Imitation is not always strict

65. 1 melody accompanied by chords
MUSICAL TEXTURE
Homophonic
1 melody accompanied by chords
most Common in Western Music today
when chords become more than just whole or 1/2 notes we can push boundaries of polyphonic

66. Repetition / Contrast / Variation
MUSICAL FORM
techniques for:
Repetition / Contrast / Variation
Modern forms
(verse /pre-chorus/Chorus/bridge/solo)
strange to have a THRU composed

67. MUSICAL FORM
Two Part (Binary Form)
Form AB can subdivide
AABB ABB AAB etc…..

68. MUSICAL FORM
THREE PART (Tertiary)
(can be subdivided)
ABC
ABA’ etc…..

69. modern POP song forms
verse/ chorus/solos / bridge/ intro / tags/ outro/ inst break / ect…
IN CLASS EXERCISE
Analyze FORM of:
Help
Hard Days Night

70. HELP by The Beatles
Intro (A)
Verse (B )
Chorus (C)
Verse 2 (B’)
Verse 3 (B’’)
TAG

71. HARD DAYS NIGHT by The Beatles
Verse 1 (A)
Verse 2 (A’)
Bridge (B)
Guitar solo (A’’)
½ verse (1/2 A)
TAG

72. Pick your own song to write out form
HOMEWORK Assignment 3
Pick your own song to write out form