1. The Thirteen English Colonies
Chapter 4

2. New England Colonies

3. Geography and Climate Economy Rocky soil Cool climate Dense forests
Shipbuilding **
Whaling and fishing
Hunting – furs, wild turkey and deer
Rum
Farming (very little) – corn, pumpkins, squash and beans

4. Massachusetts Plymouth Date: 1620 Leader: William Bradford
Reason Founded: Religious Freedom - Pilgrims (Separatists) wanted to separate from the Church of England

5. Massachusetts Massachusetts Bay Date: 1630 Leader: John Winthrop
Reason Founded: Religious Freedom – Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England
Other colonists included younger sons who wanted to have an opportunity to own land

6. Connecticut Date: 1636 Leader: Thomas Hooker
This is reflected in the American system of government today:
Limited Government:
the government can only do what the Constitution states
- Separation of Church and State
Date: 1636
Leader: Thomas Hooker
Reason Founded: Religious and Political Freedom
Hooker left Massachusetts Bay because he believed that the governor had too much power
Fundamental Order of Connecticut
Gave the vote to all men who owned property (they did not have to be church members)
Limited the governor’s power

7. Rhode Island
This is reflected in the American system of government today:
First Amendment
Freedom of religion
Separation of church and state
Date: 1636
Leader: Roger Williams
Reason Founded: Religious Freedom
Williams believed that the Puritan church in Massachusetts had too much power.
Separation of church and state – there would be no support of a particular church
Religious Tolerance – all religions were welcome in Rhode Island

8. New Hampshire People had spread farther north of Massachusetts Bay.
Date: 1623
Leader: none
Reason Founded: Economic
People had spread farther north of Massachusetts Bay.
Settlers built trading and fishing villages north of Boston then in 1680 the king made these coastal settlements into a separate colony.

9. Middle Colonies

10. Geography and Climate Economy Moderate climate with mild winters
Fertile soil
Economy
Many people made their living by farming
“Breadbasket Colonies” – wheat, barley and rye
Raised livestock

11. New York Date: 1664 Leader: Duke of York Reason Founded: Expand trade
New Netherlands and England were rivals for trade and colonies.
In 1664 England attacked New Amsterdam.
New Amsterdam had few weapons and fell without a fight.
King Charles II of England gave New Netherlands to his brother the Duke of York

12. New Jersey Date: 1702 Leader: George Carteret and Lord Berkeley
Reason Founded: Expand trade
The Duke of York decided that New York was too big to govern easily.
He gave some of the land to friends Lord Berkeley and Sir Carteret.

13. Pennsylvania Date: 1681 Leader: William Penn
Reason Founded: Religious freedom
Quakers moved to Pennsylvania for religious freedom; King Charles II granted the land to William Penn
They paid Native Americans for the land
Quaker Beliefs
Equality - Men, women, nobles, and commoners were equal in God’s sight
Pacifists - peaceful; against war

14. Delaware Date: 1701 Leader: (William Penn)
Reason Founded: Desire to set up a separate assembly
Settlers in the Lower Counties did not want to send delegates to a distant assembly in Philadelphia so they were allowed to break away to form the colony of Delaware.

15. Southern Colonies

16. Geography and Climate Economy
Extremely fertile soil
Many rivers
Humid climate
Economy
Growing cash crops – tobacco, indigo and rice

17. Virginia Jamestown Date: 1607 Leader: Captain John Smith
Reason Founded: Economic
people came to search for gold but later made money by growing tobacco

18. Maryland Date: 1632 Leader: (Calvert) Lord Baltimore
Reason Founded: Religious freedom
Baltimore wanted to set up a colony where Catholics could practice their religion freely and later Protestants were welcomed too.
Act of Toleration
Law provided religious freedom for all Christian

19. North Carolina Date: 1663 Leader: (none)
Reason Founded: Trade and farming
Settlers were mostly poor tobacco farmers who had drifted south from Virginia.
Made of mostly small farms

20. South Carolina Date: 1663 Leader: group of eight proprietors (nobles)
Reason Founded: Trade and farming
Settlers came from a British colony in the Caribbean
There were many more large plantations than in North Carolina

21. Georgia Date: 1732 Leader: James Oglethorpe
Reason Founded: Home for debtors
Debtors in England were thrown in jail and often were unable to pay off their debts
Oglethorpe would pay for debtors passage
they would be given land in Georgia
He wanted to give debtors a chance have a fresh start.
At first rules stated that farms had to be small and slavery was forbidden.
When colonists saw the success of plantation farmers in South Carolina they complained and the rules changed to allow large plantations and slave labor the colony grew quickly after that.

22. Education in New England Colonies
In 1642 Massachusetts became the first colony to set up public schools.
Puritans believed that it was everyone’s duty to study the Bible
Teachers were paid in products like food
They ordered all towns with 50+ people to hire a teacher

23. Education in the Middle Colonies
Churches and individual families set up private schools
Pupils paid to attend
only wealthy families could afford to educate their children

24. Education in the Southern Colonies
In the Southern Colonies, people lived too far from one another to bring children together in one school building.
Some planters hired tutors, or private teachers
The wealthiest planters sent their sons to school in England
Slaves were denied education of any kind

25. Colonial Society
Gentry: wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, lawyers, royal officials
Middle Class: farmers who owned land, trades people, crafts workers
* Most people fit in this category
Indentured Servants: hired farm hands who were working off their debt
African Americans
Slaves

26. Colonial Government The right to vote by the 1720s was restricted to
Christians
White
Over 21
Owned property
Puritan’s held town meetings to discuss topics concerning the settlement.
These helped to encourage the growth of democratic ideas.

27. Limits on Liberties White men
Unmarried women – they could buy land, make contracts, sue
Married women – could not make contracts without husbands approval, they had to give all personal property to their husband
African Americans
Slaves – have no liberties

28. The Great Awakening Date: 1730s and 1740s Leader: Jonathan Edwards
Religious movement that called on colonists to examine their lives and heed the Bible’s teaching.

29. The Great Awakening Impact
New churches formed / spread Christianity
Spread democratic feelings
More people started to challenge authority when their liberties were at stake.
New spirit of independence

30. The Enlightenment
During the 1600s and 1700s, European scientists began to use reason and logic instead of superstition to understand the world.
This movement became known as the Enlightenment.
Many colonists began to read and discuss new ideas.
Benjamin Franklin: he wanted to improve the world around him
Lightning rod
Smokeless fireplace
Bifocal glasses
Encouraged Philadelphia to organize a fire company and a library and pave the streets

31. England Regulates Trade
England believed that its colonies should benefit the home country
Mercantilism: a nation becomes strong by keeping strict control over its trade (especially the trade of its colonies.)
Imports:
goods brought into a country
Exports:
goods sent to markets outside a country
To make more money a country must export more than it imports

32. Navigation Acts
England passed the Navigation Acts to regulate trade between England and its colonies
Purpose: to make England money
Colonists could only use colonial or English ships
Certain crops from the colonies could ship only to England
(first tobacco then later cotton)

33. Reactions to the Navigation Acts
Colonists could only use colonial or English ships
- Colonists built their own ships – This made New England a center for shipbuilding
2. Certain crops from the colonies could ship only to England
(first tobacco then later cotton)
- Colonists resented this because it favored English merchants
- many people ignored the Navigation Acts or smuggled goods

34. Triangular Trade