1. Health Benefits of Physical Activity
Chapters 11 and 12,
pages 66 – 67, and page 181

2. Lecture Objectives Define the term hypokinetic.
Explain the cyclical effect of decreasing one’s level of physical activity.
Identify and explain four hypokinetic conditions.
List and describe:
The six controllable and four uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
The seven major warning signs for cancer.
Explain how exercise can treat or prevent each hypokinetic condition.
Describe other methods (not exercise) of preventing or treating hypokinetic conditions.

3. Past vs. Present Change in life expectancy Causes of death
What do you think our future will be like?

4. Sources Contributing to Early Death Today
~10% of unnecessary deaths
HEALTH CARE
~16% of all health problems including early death
HEREDITY
LIFESTYLE
More than half
#1 cause of avoidable mortality  tobacco
ENVIRONMENT
~¼ of all deaths
What is the #1 cause of avoidable mortality in the U.S.? 5

5. Physical Activity Affecting Life NOW
Performance of Daily Activities
Back problems
Mental health
Obesity
Aging (compression)
Back Problems:
--80% of the population will experience back pain at some point in their life--Back problems are a major cause of inactivity in adults
--PA improves flexibility of joints and ligaments --PA improves musculoskeletal strength and endurance
Mental Health:
--Endorphins  produced during physical activity, create happy, feel-good feeling
--Reduced depression
--Reduced anxiety
--Increased self-esteem
Aging:
Time dependent aging  number of years of life
Acquired aging (related to lifestyle)  additional aging due to lifestyle
Compression:
--Regular PA can compress illness into a shorter period of our life
--Shortening the total # of years that illnesses/disabilities occur
--Individuals in Africa, Asia, & South America maintain an active lifestyle, so they do not acquire many of the characteristics associated with aging in North America
Obesity:
--Approximately 1/3 of adults are obese
--61% of adults are overweight according to BMI classification
--Obesity increases the risk of many other diseases 13

6. Cyclical Effect Decrease in Physical Activity Physical and Mental
Lose Motivation
Deterioration
Negative
Self-Perceptions 5

7. Physical Activity Affecting Life in the FUTURE
Hypokinetic Conditions
Cardiovascular Disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Osteoporosis
Hypokinetic  too little activity, diseases associated with lack of physical activity 13

8. Leading Causes of Death
According to the American Heart Association, approximately 42% of the population will die from a form of cardiovascular disease.

9. Cardiovascular Disease
CONTROLLABE
Sedentary Lifestyle
Hypertension
High Cholesterol
Tobacco Use
Diabetes
Obesity
UNCONTROLLABE
Family History
Aging
Gender
Ethnicity

10. Diabetes Mellitus Type I (juvenile onset, insulin-dependent)
Pancreas fails to produce insulin
Usual onset before age 30
About 5% of all diabetics are Type I
Type II (non-insulin dependent)
Once called adult onset, but there has been a rise in the prevalence in children
Lack of sensitivity to insulin and/or not enough insulin
Often caused by obesity
~95% of diabetics are Type II 17

11. Activity Reduces Risk of Diabetes
Type I (non-hypokinetic)
Reduces disease risk
Increases quality of life
Type II (hypokinetic)
Decrease insulin resistance
Improve insulin sensitivity
Improved ability to clear sugar from blood
Reduced fatness 18

12. Cancer Cases and Deaths
Lung:
--Leading cause of cancer death.
--Chief risk factor = smoking. ETS causes about 3000 lung cancer deaths per year.
--Symptoms = persistant cough, chest pain
--Treatment = combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
--Survival rate = 15% after five years
Colon and Rectal:
--Second leading cause of cancer death
--Risk factors: age; preexisting polyps; heredity; inactivity and obesity; diets high in red meat, smoked foods, simple sugars; excessive alcohol consumption; smoking
--Symptoms: Bleeding from the rectum; change in bowel habits
-Testing: Stool blood test; sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
--Treatment: Surgery is primary method of treatment
Breast:
--Most common cancer in women and second to lung cancer in the number of cancer deaths among women
--Causes/risk factors: heredity; long-term exposure to high blood levels of estrogen; early onset of menstruation; late onset of menopause; no children or first child after age 30; obesity; current use of HRT; alcohol use; inactivity; diet low in vegetables and fiber
--Early detection: Mammography (low-dose X ray) after age 40; clinical breast exams; breast awareness and self-examinations
--Diagnosis: Ultrasonography = imaging method using high-pitched sound; biopsy = removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue
--Treatment: Surgery (lumpectomy, mastectomy); Chemotherapy or radiation, social support
Prostate:
--Most common cancer in men and second to lung cancer in the number of cancer deaths among men
--Risk factors: age; ethnicity (African American ); heredity; lifestyle factors; diets high in calories, dairy products, and animal fat and low in plant foods; obesity; inactivity; history of STDs
--Detection and diagnosis: Rectal exam PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test, ultrasound, biopsy
--Treatment: Surgery, radioactive seeds
--Survival rate = 98% at 5 years
Skin:
--Most common type of cancer when cases of the highly curable forms are included
--Primary risk factor is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Testicular cancer:
--Rare overall, but most common cancer in men age 20–35 years. Can be detected with self-examination.

13. Seven Major Warning Signs of Cancer

14. Percentage of All Cancer Deaths Linked to Risk Factors
Body Composition and Cancer Mortality

15. Osteoporosis Progressive loss of bone mineral density
Occurs commonly in old age
Occurs at an earlier age and more frequently in women than men
Factors associated with osteoporosis:
Physical inactivity
Loss of sex hormones
Low calcium levels
High protein intake
Smoking
Caffeine
Nutrition:
Dietary factors that build bone mass: Calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K
Other possible dietary factors: vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper, boron
Dietary factors linked to loss of bone mass: Alcohol, sodium, caffeine, retinol, soda, protein (if intake of calcium and vitamin D is low)
Exercise:
Weight-bearing exercise and strength training also build and maintain bone mass 19

16. What factors that affect hypokinetic conditions are uncontrollable?
Genetics / Family history
Aging
Gender
Ethnicity

17. What factors that affect hypokinetic conditions are controllable?
Exercise
Nutrition
Alcohol / Tobacco / Drug use
Weight management

18. What can we do to prevent hypokinetic conditions?

19. What can we do to improve hypokinetic conditions once they occur?

20. Lecture Summary Define the term hypokinetic.
Explain the cyclical effect of decreasing one’s level of physical activity.
Identify and explain four hypokinetic conditions.
List and describe:
The six controllable and four uncontrollable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
The seven major warning signs for cancer.
Explain how exercise can treat or prevent each hypokinetic condition.
Describe other methods (not exercise) of preventing or treating hypokinetic conditions.