1. United States’ Foreign Policies: Big Stick; Dollar Diplomacy; Moral Diplomacy; applications and impact on region

2. Big Stick Defined Big Stick President Theodore Roosevelt
“Speak softly, but carry a big stick.”
Civilized country had duty to interfere in uncivilized country to preserve order
Civilized-industrial goods
Uncivilized-raw materials

3. Big Stick Applied Applications & Effects
Increased size and power of U.S. Navy
2nd in world by 1906
Great White Fleet world tour
Military might
Intended to influence Japan
premier navy and was excluding American trade in many Asian territories it controlled
1902 British, Italian, and German naval blockade of Venezuelan in response to its European debt
German ships shelled ports
Roosevelt threatened U.S. naval power
German navy withdrew

4. Big Stick Applied Applications & Effects
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)
U.S. had right not only to oppose European intervention in the W. Hemisphere but also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors if those neighbors proved unable to maintain order
1906: Because of Platt Amendment guarantee:
U.S. forces return to Cuba to stomp out an uprising
U.S. presence continued for 3 years
Dominican Republic bankrupt, unable to pay European debts
Roosevelt established American receivership, controlling Dominican customs, distributing 45 percent of the revenues to the Dominicans and the rest to foreign creditors
Continued for 3 decades

7. Big Stick Applied Applications & Effects Panama Canal
Agreement signed giving America rights to six mile canal zone in Columbia in exchange for 10 million and annual rental of 250,000.
Outrage in Columbian senate, refused ratification, demanded 20 million and some payment to French
French had previous rights to zone and had begin construction
Roosevelt and French Chief Engineer (Philippe Bunau-Varilla organized a revolution in Panama (controlled by Columbia)
Roosevelt landed troops in Panama, forces prevented Columbia from intervening, Roosevelt recognized Panama as independent nation
Panamanian government quickly agreed to terms that Columbian senate rejected
Canal opened in 1914

9. Dollar Diplomacy Defined
President William Howard Taft
Extend American investments into less developed regions
Critics nicknamed policy “dollar diplomacy”

10. Dollar Diplomacy: Applications & Effects
Nicaraguan Revolution-1909
Taft administration sided with insurgents
Sent American troops to seize customs houses
Once peace was restored, Secretary of State Knox encouraged American banks to offer loans to new government
2 years later attempted revolution was crushed by return of American troops

12. Moral Diplomacy: Defined
President Woodrow Wilson
Using moral values as standard for intervention in foreign affairs

13. Wilson follows Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy:
Intervened in Latin America for similar reasons to Roosevelt and Taft
Haiti
Marines sent in 1915 to stop revolution
Military remained in country until 1934
American officers drafted Haitian constitution
Virgin Islands
Fearing they would be colonized by Germany, Wilson purchased from Denmark and renamed them Virgin Islands
Nicaragua
Treaty securing America’s right to interfere with country’s internal affairs to protect U.S. interest

14. Application and Effects of Moral Diplomacy:
Mexican Revolution:
Background
American businessmen had established enormous economic presence in Mexico under Diaz
(1910): Madero took over and seemed hostile to American business in Mexico
U.S. government (under Taft) encouraged and supported Victoriano Huerta to dispose of Madero in 1913
Taft administration had plans to formally recognize Huerta as Mexican leader, but Wilson won presidency

16. Application and Effects of Moral Diplomacy:
Mexican Revolution:
Wilson’s moral diplomacy applied
Wilson announced he would never recognize “Huerta’s government of butchers”
Huerta government murdered Madero
Culminating in U.S. Mexican conflict at Port of Veracruz

18. Application and Effects of Moral Diplomacy:
Mexican Revolution:
Carranza seized power with support of Wilson
Wilson pulled back support when Carranza refused to follow American guidelines in writing Constitution of 1917
Wilson backed Villa for short time, then supported Carranza again Villa took 16 American miners from a train in N. Mexico and executed them, 2 months later attacked Columbus, NM by killing 17 Americans (1916)
With permission from Carranza issued Pershing Expedition, leading to skirmishes with Carranza’s troops
Wilson eventually withdrew from Mexico, avoiding a major war and formally recognized Carranza (WW1)