1. WARMUP Read the following news excerpt and then answer the question below on page 65 of your SS Notebook: In the town of Woodington, SC a recent vote (94% in favor) elected Benny Musselman as “Mayor for Life.” This vote additionally gave him powers to overturn decisions of the town council. While outside observers find this to be anti-democratic, the townspeople are enthusiastic. Most townspeople claim that “Benny is beneficial” for Woodington. They actively rally around him and support him. Benny’s main plan for the town is to promote it as a cultural heritage center for the Carolinas. The residents of Woodington are expected to actively celebrate their Carolina heritage—everything from the Confederate Flag to NASCAR. Benny says every resident will be required to display one of these in front of their homes. When asked if this was too restrictive, Woodington residents respond that they are happy to contribute to the success of the town and to show that their town is the best in all of the South. WARMUP: If you lived in Woodington, how would you feel about these changes?

2. Fascism and Totalitarian States As always, please answer questions in complete sentences in your SS notebook.

3. AFTER WWI WWI left over 20 million dead. Most European economies were devastated. The U.S. emerged as the most powerful nation in the world. –The 1920s = “The Roaring 20s” Black Tuesday—October 29, 1929 –Stock Market Crash leads to GREAT DEPRESSION –Worldwide economic meltdown in 1930s. 25% unemployment in Britain 40% unemployment in Germany #1: How was Europe doing in the years after WWI? What made matters worse?

4. What is Totalitarianism? In a totalitarian state, citizens are expected to be completely loyal and actively engaged in supporting the goals of the state. Individual freedoms are subordinated to state goals. Promoted through use of propaganda. BENNY IS BENEFICIAL!

5. Hitler on Totalitarianism “We must develop organization in which an individual’s entire life can take place. Then every activity and every need of every individual will be regulated by the collectivity represented by the party. There is no longer any arbitrary will; there are no longer any free realms in which the individual belongs to himself…. The time of personal happiness is over.” #2: How is a totalitarian state different from an absolute monarchy or other forms of dictatorship?

6. USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is one example of totalitarianism –5 Year Plans: aimed to industrialize USSR –Collectivization of farms 26 mil family farms  250,000 collective farms Peasants who resisted were starved to death (10 mil died 1932-33) –People who opposed regime (8 mil) sent to Siberian labor camps Known as “purges” –Supposedly all done in “the people’s” interest—as it was a Communist country. #3: What made the USSR a totalitarian country?

7. Benito Mussolini 1919 - formed the “Fascio di Combattimento” (League of Combat) –Upset about not gaining more in WWI –Attacked Socialists (physically!) 1922 – threatened to march on Rome. –King made him Prime Minister #4: How did Mussolini come to power in Italy? By 1926 he was the dictator of Italy. –Known as “Il Duce” (the leader)

8. Italian Fascism Mussolini set up a Fascist Dictatorship. –Fascism is a form of totalitarianism Businesses are supposed to serve the needs of the state. #5: What is fascism? Explain how it is different from Socialism. #6: How did Mussolini maintain his power? –Youth groups set up to spread message –Freedom of press suspended –Prime Minister could make laws –Police can imprison people w/o charges –Anti-fascist political parties outlawed

9. Adolf Hitler Fought on the Western Front during WWI. By 1921, took control of Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party—NSDAP) –“SA” (Storm Troops) were used to attack rival parties 1923 - Jailed after failed uprising against Munich govt. –Wrote “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle) while in jail #7: What does “Nazi” stand for? #8: What is “Mein Kampf?”

10. Nazi Beliefs Hitler’s “Mein Kampf” outlined his basic philosophy: –Nationalist –Anti-semitic –Anti-communist –Social Darwinist “Superior” nations have a right to more living space –Believed Germans had the most pure Aryan blood “Superior” individuals should lead the masses #9: What were Hitler’s core beliefs? #10: How did these beliefs help him come to power?

11. Nazi Consolidation of Power Jan 30, 1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor and forms new fascist government. Mar 23, 1933 – “Enabling Act” allows Hitler to ignore the constitution for the next 4 years –Jews kicked out of government –Nazi opponents sent to concentration camps –Opposition parties and unions dismantled –Public officials forced to swear loyalty to Hitler Successfully pulled Germany out of the Depression. #11: What did Hitler do once in power to maintain his position? What helped him gain popularity?

12. Francisco Franco Spanish General Was one of the leaders in an attempted coup after the 1936 election gave the “Popular Front” power –Popular front included socialists, republicans, anarchists, etc. The coup failed, but this led to the beginning of the Spanish Civil War –Franco’s side was called the Nationalists (or the Rebels)—right wing politicians and much of the army. –The Popular Front was also sometimes called the Loyalists or Republicans (loyal to the elected republican government). #12: What were the two sides in the Spanish Civil War? Which side was Francisco Franco on?

13. The Spanish Civil War Lasted from 1936 to 1939. Approximately 500,000 died. Rebels/Nationalists were aided by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Loyalists/Republicans/Popular Front were aided by USSR. Also the “International Brigades”—socialists, anarchists, and other left-wing folks from around Europe and elsewhere—supported the Loyalists –US volunteers (2,800) were known as the Abraham Lincoln Brigades Some African Americans joined as a way to fight against fascism (after Mussolini had attacked Ethiopia). –Oliver Law was the first African American to lead an integrated military force in U.S. history. #13: Who helped each of the two sides in the Spanish Civil War?

14. The Bombing of Guernica April 26, 1937 Defenseless town of low strategic value Attacked by German Luftwaffe (Air Force) –“Terror Bombing”—aimed at breaking the will of civilians –Used to test weapons and tactics in preparation for WWII. #14: What happened at Guernica and how was it related to WWII?

15. Franco after the Civil War 1939 – Franco won the war. He remained as dictator until 1975. –Resistance continued in many forms throughout this time. Officially neutral in WWII, but supported Germany in relatively minor ways. –However, Spain was a safe haven to which many Jews escaped from Nazi-controlled territories (They were lucky that Franco never finalized a deal with Hitler to enter the war!)

16. Make a Venn Diagram! #15: Make a Venn Diagram of Fascist and Totalitarian leaders in 1930s Europe. Include the leaders’ names and countries.