Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
APUSH Reconstruction
2
1. What was reconstruction?
3
Reconstruction The time period from that addressed 3 major issues… How the rebellious states would be readmitted to the Union? What the civil status of the Confederacy’s leaders would be? Jail? Could they vote? Could they hold office again? What the legal and Constitutional status of the Freedmen (freed slaves) would be?
4
2. What was Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction?
5
CONSIDERED LENIENT BY REPUBLICAN CONGRESS
Lincoln’s Plan Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction Full presidential pardons to MOST southerners who… Took oath of allegiance to Union and US Constitution Accepted emancipation of slaves (13th Amendment) Ten Percent Plan President would recognize state governments once 10% of the white voters in that state took the loyalty oath State constitution had to be rewritten to accept abolition of slavery Lincoln believed reconstruction was a task for the President or the Executive Branch Lincoln believed the South never left the Union which meant the rebellion against the government was the work of individuals CONSIDERED LENIENT BY REPUBLICAN CONGRESS
6
3. What was congress’ plan for reconstruction?
7
CONSIDERED TOO HARSH BY LINCOLN – HE POCKET VETOED IT
Congress’ Plan Wade-Davis Bill 50% of voters had to take loyalty oath Anyone who had served in the Confederacy officially (soldier/politician) could NOT vote for new constitution that abolished slavery Benjamin Wade (R – Ohio) and Henry Davis (R- Maryland) Passed by congressional Republicans in response to Lincoln’s 10% plan Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans over the treatment of the defeated South CONSIDERED TOO HARSH BY LINCOLN – HE POCKET VETOED IT
8
4. Did any reconstruction policies pass before Lincoln’s assassination?
9
Yes… Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865) under General Oliver Howard
Welfare agency for those made destitute in war Food to 150,000 daily (1/3 were white) Helped negotiate free labor contracts between white landowners and freed slaves Tried to get minimum wage for ex-slaves Start of sharecropping Greatest success: EDUCATION 3,000 schools for freedmen 200,000 freedmen learned how to read Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators Original purpose of the freedmen’s bureau was to assist blacks in their transition from slaves to freedmen
10
Freedmen’s bureau school
Freed slaves in the South regarded schooling as the key to improving their children’s lives and the fulfillment of a long sought right that had been denied blacks in slavery
11
One-room schoolhouse 3,000 schools for freedmen 200,000 freedmen learned how to read
12
5. What ended the political struggle between Lincoln and congress over reconstruction?
13
Lincoln’s Assassination
14
6. Who became president after Lincoln’s assassination?
15
Andrew Johnson
16
Andrew Johnson Democrat from Tennessee Good for the North because…
Only senator from Confederacy who remained loyal to Union Came from poor background; hated rich plantation owners Bad for the North because… He hated black people MORE than rich plantation owners “Damn the negroes! I’m fighting these traitors, these aristocrats, their masters!” He hated black people more than their masters He lacked Lincoln’s prestige with the people and the Republican Party
17
7. What was Johnson’s plan for reconstruction?
18
President Johnson’s Plan
Called Presidential Reconstruction Implement Lincoln’s Plan AND… Disenfranchise two groups Former Confederate leaders & officeholders Rich whites in South with more than $20,000 in property Claimed right to grant individual pardons to anyone he pleased Disenfranchise: to deprive of a right or privilege (deny the right to vote)
19
8. Why did the republican congress soon hate Johnson’s plan?
20
Congressional Objection…
President Johnson pardoned nearly all Southerners, and many returned to power
21
9. What policies did the southern states implement under Johnson’s plan?
22
Policies Implemented by the South
Pro-North Repudiated secession Ratified 13th Amendment Pro-South Elected former Confederate leaders to office Denied voting rights to blacks Adopted “Black Codes” Rejected/condemned secession
23
10. What were the black codes?
24
Black Codes Prohibited blacks from renting or buying land
Forced blacks to sign work contracts that prohibited their free movement Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of the newly emancipated blacks Increased Northern criticism of President Johnson’s lenient reconstruction policies
25
11. How did republicans stop Johnson's plan?
26
Republicans won control of Congress
Republicans won control of Congress in with more than a 2/3 majority Senate: 57 (R); 9 (D) House: 177 (R); 47 (D) What did this mean??? Republicans could override ANY Presidential veto of their plans THIS MEANT CONGRESS WOULD DETERMINE RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES STARTS “RADICAL” OR “CONGRESSIONAL” RECONSTRUCTION Mid-term election
27
Check Point: Get your Clickers Ready
28
At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners
reluctantly supported the federal government were ready to plan a future uprising against the United States declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United States asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just Correct Answer E
29
the economy and social structure was utterly devastated
In the postwar South the economy and social structure was utterly devastated the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequence the much-feared inflation never materialized industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourish poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery Correct Answer A
30
President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction
differed radically from Lincoln’s guaranteed former slaves the right to vote required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment established literacy tests for voting in the South aimed at swift restoration of the southern states after a few basic conditions were met Correct Answer E
31
the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress
The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the Democrats President Lincoln’s desire for a harsh reconstruction plan that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the Union the Republicans’ fear of re-admitting Confederate leaders to Congress Correct Answer A
32
whites rapidly turned their slaves into paid employees
In 1865, Southern whites quickly admitted they have been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independence whites rapidly turned their slaves into paid employees blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity blacks looked to the federal government for help Correct Answer D
33
In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised
rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union former slaves the right to vote the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote Correct Answer A
34
12. What was “Radical” reconstruction?
35
Radical Reconstruction
The phase of Reconstruction that was controlled by Congress, which was dominated at the time by the “radical” Republicans Republicans dominated southern governments
36
13. Who were the leading “radical” republicans?
37
Radical Republican Leaders…
Senate: Charles Sumner, Massachusetts House: Thaddeus Stevens, Pennsylvania
38
14. What was the overall goal of the “radical” republicans?
39
Radical Republican Goals…
They wanted to revolutionize (change) southern society by… Extending civil rights to freed slaves Educating blacks Redistributing land confiscated from Confederate plantation owners to freed blacks Radical Republicans condemned the entire Lincoln-Johnson reconstruction program for… 1. infringing upon the powers of Congress 2. being too lenient 3. endangering Republican influence 4. abandoning the blacks
40
15. What pieces of legislation comprised the “radical” republican program?
41
Radical Republican Programs…
Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Tenure of Office Act 15th Amendment Civil Rights Act of 1875
42
IGNORED IN THE SOUTH; SO RADICALS LOOKED TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION
A. Civil Rights Act of 1866 All African-Americans were legal citizens Said Black Codes were illegal IGNORED IN THE SOUTH; SO RADICALS LOOKED TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION President Johnson vetoes the civil rights act of 1866 HOWEVER…. Congress passed the bill over Johnson’s veto FIRST TIME IN HISTORY
43
B. 14th Amendment All persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens Obligated states to respect the rights of citizens by providing “equal protection of the laws” and “due process” Required enfranchisement of black males or state could lose proportional # of reps and electoral votes DUE PROCESS = no citizen may be denied his/her legal rights Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights
44
C. Reconstruction Acts of 1867
10 southern states divided into 5 military districts US Army registered voters for election of delegates to constitutional convention Enfranchised all males 21 or older New state constitutions had to… Grant equal civil and political rights regardless of race Ratified Fourteenth Amendment Military district #1 = Virginia Military district #2 = North Carolina and South Carolina Military district #3 = Georgia, Alabama, Florida Military district #4 = Arkansas, Mississippi Military district #5 = Texas
45
Tennessee will escape military rule
For many white southerners, military reconstruction amounted to turning the knife in the wound of defeat
46
D. Tenure of Office Act Prohibited the President from removing federal official without Congressional approval Passed to protect “radical” Republicans in Johnson’s Cabinet (like Secretary of War Stanton) President Johnson removes Stanton President Johnson impeached by Congress Tried in Senate “radicals” fell 1 vote short of removing him
47
“Crushed by the Constitution”
President Johnson revered the US Constitution but eventually felt its awesome weight in his impeachment trial
48
Impeachment drama = it was high political theater and tickets were in high demand
49
11 week trial Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 vote) 7 Republicans voted with the Democrats Radical Republicans failed by 1 vote to secure the 2/3 vote
50
E. 15th Amendment Prohibited any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote based upon “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” Constitutional amendment that prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race This will disappoint females because they believed they should be given the right to vote
51
F. Civil Rights Act of 1875 Provisions… Success??? NO…
Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places Prohibited exclusion of blacks from juries Success??? NO… Poorly enforced Democrats gaining power in Congress (majority by 1875) Does NOT provide enforcement which makes it ineffective This will be the last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s By 1883 the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional
52
16. Who comprised the republican state governments during “radical” Reconstruction?
53
Scalawags & Carpetbaggers
Scalawags: southern Republicans Tended to be former Whigs; who wanted economic development and industrialization Carpetbaggers: northern Republicans Investors Missionaries Teachers Corrupt profit seekers
54
Carptebagger = term used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on reconstruction projects
55
17. Did any African Americans get elected to the US Congress during reconstruction?
56
Yes… Senate (2) Hiram Revels: Mississippi; took Jefferson Davis’ seat Blanche Bruce House (12)
57
Hiram Revels Portrait of the first black senators and representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congresses
58
18. Was “radical” republican (Congressional) Reconstruction a success or failure?
59
Success or Failure??? Successes: Failures: Universal male suffrage
Promoted building of infrastructure Asylums for handicapped State-run public schools Overhauled tax system Failures: CORRUPTION Politicians took many bribes BUT: THIS WAS HAPPENING IN THE NORTH TOO
60
19. What did the freed blacks do to establish independence from white control?
61
Independence… Established independent black churches
Negro Baptist Church African Methodist Episcopal Church Established independent schools Established independent black colleges Howard, Fisk, and Morehouse Established black communities
63
20. How did most blacks earn a living after slavery?
64
Sharecropping… Landlord (white) provided seed and tools while sharecropper (black) gave landlord 50% of harvest (typically) Problem… By having to pay 50% of crop to landlord, sharecropper never had enough left over to make substantial profit (if any)
65
Although many freed slaves found themselves picking cotton on their former masters’ plantations, they took comfort that they were at least paid wages and could work as a family unit
66
Percentage of sharecropping farms by county
An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residence from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain “share” of each years crop
67
Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Land Owner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
68
21. What was the north like during reconstruction?
69
Corruption, Corruption, Corruption
Credit Mobilier Affair Railroad investors were stealing government money which was supposed to finance the railroad Investors bribed Congressmen with free shares of railroad stock William “Boss” Tweed Stole tax money from NYC public ($200 million) Exposed by The New York Times and Thomas Nast Panic of 1873 Overproduction, under consumption = depression Called for paper money (Greenbacks) is denied
70
Boss Tweed
71
Boss Tweed
72
22. Who was elected in 1868?
74
Ulysses S. Grant Republican Won only 300,000 more popular votes
500,000 blacks voted for him THUS: most whites did NOT vote for him
76
23. How did southern whites (redeemers) fight “radical” reconstruction?
77
Mississippi Plan… “persuade” or intimidate…
White Republicans to vote Democrat
78
24. What was the principle group that implemented the Mississippi plan?
79
Ku Klux Klan… Founded 1867 by Nathan Bedford Forrest
Congress passed Force Acts of 1870 and to crush Klan power An extremist, paramilitary, right-winged secret society
80
Members cloaked in sheets to conceal their identity
83
25. What officially ended reconstruction?
85
The Compromise of 1877… Election of 1876
Tilden (Democrat) vs. Hayes (Republican) Tilden carries 4 northern states and all southern states except the three states which were not reconstructed (SC, FL, and LA) Republicans claim blacks intimidated into not voting in those states All 3 given to Hayes Democrats refuse to concede, Congress split Electoral commission says Hayes wins!!! Corrupt Bargain #2
86
26. What was in the compromise of 1877?
87
Compromise of 1877… Republicans Democrats Hayes got Presidency
$ to rebuild levees on lower Mississippi River $ for southern transcontinental Railroad Southerner as Postmaster General Withdrawal of remaining federal troops from South
88
Check Point: Get your Clickers Ready
89
Congressional Republicans
___________ believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, “conquered provinces” that had to seek readmission on whatever terms Congress demanded. War Democrats The Supreme Court President Lincoln President Johnson Congressional Republicans Correct Answer E
90
The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed
citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves land for former slaves voting rights for former Confederates who had previously served in the US Army freed slaves the right to vote education to former slaves Correct Answer A
91
Radical congressional Reconstruction of the South finally ended when
the South accepted the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments the last federal troops were removed in 1877 President Johnson was not reelected in 1868 the Supreme Court ruled in Ex parte Milligan that military tribunals could not try civilians blacks showed they could defend their rights without federal intervention Correct Answer B
92
The last of the Reconstruction era amendments to pass was the
Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth Fifteenth Eighteenth Correct Answer D
93
The Ku Klux Klan could best be described as
an attempt to revive the Confederacy the military arm of the southern Democratic party a civic reform and service organization a movement for openly protesting northern oppression a secret terrorist organization Correct Answer E
94
In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote owed his victory to the votes of former slaves gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites demonstrated his political skill all of these Correct Answer B
95
The Compromise of 1877 resulted in
a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the South the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South the election of a Democrat to the presidency Republican support for an inflationary sliver-money policy a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad Correct Answer B
96
protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves
In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with protecting the powers of the southern state governments established under Andrew Johnson protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves ending slavery guaranteeing all citizens the right to vote establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau Correct Answer B
97
enactment of Black Codes by southern legislatures
All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures EXCEPT the enactment of Black Codes by southern legislatures outbreak of race riots in New Orleans and Memphis massive exodus of former slaves from the South election of former Confederates to Congress response of southern legislatures to the 14th Amendment Correct Answer C
98
creation of large commercial and banking centers
During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the creation of large commercial and banking centers spread of sharecropping rise of large-scale commercial farming decline of the textile industry emergence of the cotton economy Correct Answer B
99
Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?
the passage of the Black Codes a permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party the creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states the formation of the Ku Klux Klan widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves Correct Answer D
Similar presentations
