1. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Political Challenges Quick Facts: Political Trends in Post-Colonial Africa Economic and Environmental Challenges Revival of African Culture Post-Colonial Africa

2. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Reading Focus What political challenges did Africans face after independence? What economic and environmental challenges did Africans face after independence? How did Africans revive their culture after independence? Main Idea Newly independent African nations struggled with poverty, conflict and ineffective governments. In recent years, some countries sought better government by holding democratic elections. Post-Colonial Africa

3. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 The Sharpeville Massacre was a turning point in the anti-apartheid movement. 1950s–1960s, many former European colonies ruled by dictators Some nations fell into civil war 1990s brought renewed hope with the return of democracy; end of the apartheid system in South Africa Early 1900s, African National Congress formed in South Africa ANC petitioned government, held peaceful protests against apartheid 1940s, younger, radical members joined, including Nelson Mandela Protesting Apartheid Political Challenges 1952, Mandela organized campaign urging blacks in South Africa to break apartheid laws 1960, changed from peaceful philosophy after police killed demonstrators in Sharpeville Change of Philosophy

4. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Meeting Violence with Violence Mandela, other ANC leaders decided to meet violence with violence Government banned ANC, jailed Mandela 1976, major student protest movement in township of Soweto Trade Sanctions Police crushed uprising, but over 600 killed, 4,000 wounded ANC fought to end apartheid; violence erupted in many black townships International community imposed trade sanctions on South Africa Soweto Uprising Soweto Uprising set off by decree for black schools to teach Afrikaans— language of white South Africans Police killed protesting student; peaceful march turned into revolt Protesting Apartheid

5. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Democracy in South Africa 1990, President F.W. de Klerk legalized ANC, began negotiations to enact new constitution, end apartheid –Released Mandela from prison –Lifted long-standing ban on African National Congress De Klerk also abolished homelands, held South Africa’s first democratic elections –ANC swept elections –Mandela became first black president of a democratic South Africa

6. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Some corrupt officials required bribes for government contracts, licenses Also ran government enterprises for personal profit New generation of dictators robbed countries of wealth –Mobutu Sese Seko, dictator of Congo, amassed personal fortune of about $5 billion, while his people fell into poverty Bribery and Corruption End of 1960s, nearly all newly independent African nations adopted one-party system Single political party controls government –Elections rarely competitive –Opposition parties outlawed in many countries Dictators ruled many nations, maintained power through patronage, giving loyal followers well-paid positions in government One–Party System Military Dictatorships

7. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 When the European powers divided Africa into colonies, preexisting political units were not maintained. After independence, rival ethnic groups competed for control, some by destructive civil wars 1967, Igbo-speaking group of eastern Nigeria proclaimed independent state of Biafra Bloody civil war erupted; 2 million died from fighting, another 2 million from starvation Ethnic Conflicts 1992, civil war, drought led to suffering in Somalia Hundreds of thousands of Somalis died when warring militias stole food sent from international relief agencies 1990s, tensions between Hutu, Tutsi erupted in violence 1994, 1 million Tutsi, moderate Hutus massacred in Hutu-led government genocide Civil Wars Ethnic Conflicts and Civil War

8. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Despite conflicts, war throughout late 1900s, many African countries still dictatorships Cold War: U.S., Soviets gave large amounts of money to dictators friendly to their side Cold War ended, money dried up; weakened some dictators’ governments Many Africans saw weakness as opportunity to create democratic governments, demanded elections By 2005, more than 30 African countries had abandoned one-party systems, held elections Elections Election results mixed Some former dictators resorted to fraud, intimidation to win elections Others elected because people preferred them to alternatives Results Democracy for Some

9. Africa and the Middle East Section 2

10. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Draw Conclusions Why did most African states adopt a one- party system? Answer(s): U.S. and Soviet Union each provided large amounts of money to dictators friendly to their side.

11. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 After achieving independence, many African nations faced economic challenges that came with their new status. In addition, Africans had to combat the spread of disease and environmental problems. After independence most African nations’ economies fragile Depended on only one, two exports for support Struggling Economies African nations not industrialized, depended on farming, mining raw materials Example: Ghana depended on cocoa; Nigeria, oil Farming, Mining For loans, turned to international organizations, like World Bank; bad planning, corrupt leaders left nations with huge debts, no infrastructure Development Loans Economic and Environmental Challenges

12. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 AIDS HIV virus that causes AIDS weakens body’s immune system, results in death Social costs in sub-Saharan Africa staggering; millions of orphaned children because parents died from AIDS Only small percentage of infected Africans receiving AIDS treatment Disease African nations also challenged by management of deadly diseases Malaria continues to be one of most common causes of death today 1980s, new disease, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) spread rapidly throughout Africa

13. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Result: soil in these areas dries out, natural grasses cannot grow Sahara, Sahel deserts expanding due to desertification, spread of desertlike conditions Desertification contributes to cycles of drought, famine that plague many African countries today Desertlike Conditions Scarcity of fertile farmland, pastures for livestock challenge for many Africans today Farmers must plant crops in poor soil Herders have to graze animals in extremely dry regions Environmental Challenges Desertification

14. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Identify Cause and Effect What causes desertification in Africa? Answer(s): planting crops in poor soil and grazing animals in dry areas, causing soil to dry out even more

15. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Meanwhile a new type of African literature developed in the French- speaking colonies of West Africa. In spite of the challenges African countries have faced since independence, Africans have experienced a cultural revival. A new generation of African writers, artists, and musicians has emerged to establish a powerful African identity. During colonial rule Africans preserved culture, used as means of expressing dissatisfaction with colonial rule Many East Africans continued to study Swahili language Language and Literature Revival of African Culture Early 1960s, after independence, Swahili became national language in Kenya, Tanzania Swahili writers maintained strong tradition of poetry, plays, novels Change of Philosophy

16. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Many writers faced censorship, harassment by African governments they ridiculed Writers like Wole Soyinka spent time in prison for opposing Nigerian government Other African writers fled Africa to escape possible imprisonment Censorship, Harassment 1930s, group of African, Caribbean students living in Paris founded negritude movement Writings rejected European culture, focused on African culture, identity After independence, African writers shifted from criticism of European colonialism to criticism of African leaders Changes in Literature Revival of African Culture

17. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Traditional arts like sculpture, music, dance also became new means of expressing African identity Artists began to produce traditional pieces like masks, musical instruments, sculptures carved from wood, cast in bronze Artists incorporated new ideas, materials into work, revival of African art with new vitality, creativity—highly valued on world market today Musicians traditionally played to honor history, mark special occasions Traditional dances performed to celebrate specific events, special ceremonies Tradition 1960s, began to blend traditional African with Western music styles Used common Western instruments in addition to African 1980s, Afro-Pop music became popular; many African musicians internationally known today Blending Styles Art, Music, and Dance

18. Africa and the Middle East Section 2 Find the Main Idea What subject did many African writers focus on after independence? Answer(s): criticism of African leaders