2. Africa

3. Countries as ranked by GDP South Africa

4. Countries as ranked by Land Size Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Sudan Sudan Chad Chad Mozambique Mozambique Madagascar Madagascar

5. Countries as ranked by population Nigeria Nigeria Ethiopia Ethiopia Democratic Republic of Congo Democratic Republic of Congo Tanzania Tanzania Kenya Kenya

6. Physical Characteristics plateau escarpments Continent composed of a huge plateau and escarpments Called _______ in S. Africa Called _______ in S. Africa High Veldt High Veldt waterfalls rapids River transportation impeded by waterfalls and rapids Where? Near what major land feature? (Think 6000 miles) Where? Near what major land feature? (Think 6000 miles)

7. equator Location of equator through the middle of the region; similar climate patterns north and south of the equator. Called…. “bands of symmetry” few harbors Smooth coastline; few harbors

8. Chad-Zimbabwe-Botswana Large number of landlocked states: Chad-Zimbabwe-Botswana Storehouse of mineral wealth Limited fertility of rainforest soils Deserts: Kalahari, Namib, and Sahara

9. Mount Kilimanjaro A volcanic mountain A volcanic mountain Africa’s highest Africa’s highest

10. waterfalls Cataracts: waterfalls

11. Aquifers: Huge stores of underground water Huge stores of underground water

12. Oasis: Springs and aquifers feed these spots of vegetation and wildlife amidst the desert. Springs and aquifers feed these spots of vegetation and wildlife amidst the desert.

13. What region of Africa receives the most rain? Central Africa Central Africa Why? Why?

14. What vegetation covers most of Africa? Grasslands Grasslands aka Savannahs

15. Bodies of Water longest river in the world. Nile river: longest river in the world. The Blue and White Nile Rivers flow from central Africa, converging at Khartoum and flowing to the Mediterranean Sea.

16. flows to the Indian Ocean and contains the world’s biggest waterfall Zambezi river: flows to the Indian Ocean and contains the world’s biggest waterfall

17. Constant rainbow from the spray Victoria Falls: Constant rainbow from the spray waterpower-fast flowing rivers are excellent to harness for hydroelectricityZambezi River – waterpower-fast flowing rivers are excellent to harness for hydroelectricity

18. principal river in Western Africa- flows away from the sea through the Sahara Desert then boomerangs towards the Gulf of Guinea. Niger river: principal river in Western Africa- flows away from the sea through the Sahara Desert then boomerangs towards the Gulf of Guinea.

19. largest river in central Africa - starts in the highlands of the East African rift and flows to the Atlantic Ocean Congo river: largest river in central Africa - starts in the highlands of the East African rift and flows to the Atlantic Ocean

20. an inlet of the Indian Ocean - between Africa and Asia - helps create the Arabian and Sinai Peninsulas- at the northern end is the Suez canal that connects to the Mediterranean Sea. Red Sea: an inlet of the Indian Ocean - between Africa and Asia - helps create the Arabian and Sinai Peninsulas- at the northern end is the Suez canal that connects to the Mediterranean Sea.

21. Lake Victoria: feeds the White Nile and lies on an elevated plateau in the western part of Africa's Great Rift Valley - subject to territorial administration by Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya.

22. Lake Tanganyika: divided between four countries – Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, and Zambia water flows into the Congo River system - Atlantic Ocean.

23. Oceans: Atlantic and Indian

24. two rivers come together to form a third river Confluence sites: two rivers come together to form a third river the Blue Nile and the White Nile come together to form the Nile o Khartoum, Sudan: the Blue Nile and the White Nile come together to form the Nile

25. Boundaries: Africa – 1914

26. expanding deserts Desertification: expanding deserts This man attempts to repair barriers that will hold back advancing sand dunes in Niger.

28. Political: Organization of African Unity to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States/act as a collective voice for the continent. to promote the unity and solidarity of the African States/act as a collective voice for the continent. Also dedicated to ending colonialism and to aid independence movements. headquarters were established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Also dedicated to ending colonialism and to aid independence movements. headquarters were established at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

29. Economic Characteristics Agriculture is the primary economic activity just enough for family or tribe Subsistence farming: just enough for family or tribe grazing animals in grasslands Nomadic Herding: grazing animals in grasslands Slash and burn agriculture: see Latin America Plantation agriculture: see Latin America Cash crops and food crops: see Latin America

30. Economic Characteristics few good roads, etc. Poorly developed infrastructure: few good roads, etc. Large number of landlocked states diamonds, gold (S. Africa), alloys Substantial mineral wealth: diamonds, gold (S. Africa), alloys Major exporters of raw materials very poor or fairly rich Wide range of per capita income: very poor or fairly rich Productivity that lags behind population growth expanding deserts Desertification: expanding deserts

31. Demographics that are typical of developing countries Low per capita GDP 1. Low per capita GDP Low life expectancy 2. Low life expectancy High population growth rate 3. High population growth rate High infant mortality 4. High infant mortality Large percentage of the population under the age of 15 5. Large percentage of the population under the age of 15 Low literacy rates 6. Low literacy rates

32. Why does oil rich Angola have such a poor public infrastructure? Oil money has been spent on a protracted civil war. Oil money has been spent on a protracted civil war.

33. What are two profitable commodities besides oil? Coffee and lumber Coffee and lumber

34. Cities as centers of culture and trade port city on the Atlantic coast of Nigeria Lagos: port city on the Atlantic coast of Nigeria capital city of Senegal- located on the Cape Verde Peninsula along the West African coast. Dakar: capital city of Senegal- located on the Cape Verde Peninsula along the West African coast.

35. largest and most populous city in South Africa - center of world diamond and gold trade. Johannesburg; largest and most populous city in South Africa - center of world diamond and gold trade.

36. Cultural Characteristics population Uneven population distribution Many ethnic groups, languages and customs refugees (esp. in E. Africa) Large numbers of refugees (esp. in E. Africa) 1 mil Few cities with population over 1 mil oral tradition Knowledge of history through oral tradition

37. Ethnic differences: Hutus and Tutsis Tribes have been in conflict for a long time. o Rwanda and Burundi: Hutus and Tutsis Tribes have been in conflict for a long time.

38. Reasons for conflict: o Sudan: For years conflicts have erupted between rival tribes and sometimes between religious factions. Currently, the Muslims in Darfur are being persecuted.

39. Country names related to historical empires: Timbuktu was a key city in these empires as an outpost for trans-Saharan trade and a center for scholarship. The Songhai Empire declined after a Moroccan invasion in 1591. o Mali, Timbuktu was a key city in these empires as an outpost for trans-Saharan trade and a center for scholarship. The Songhai Empire declined after a Moroccan invasion in 1591.

40. o Ghana, Upon achieving independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, the name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana that once extended throughout much of west of Africa.

41. The name Zimbabwe derives from "Zimba Remabwe" meaning "big house of stone" in the Shona language. The name Zimbabwe is a tribute to Great Zimbabwe, site of the capital of the Munhumutapa Empire. The name Zimbabwe derives from "Zimba Remabwe" meaning "big house of stone" in the Shona language. The name Zimbabwe is a tribute to Great Zimbabwe, site of the capital of the Munhumutapa Empire.

42. Diversity of Africans reflected in cultural heritage Masks: represent spirits.

43. Sculpture

44. Dance African style dancing encompasses heavy drum beats, frisky, energetic movement. African style dancing encompasses heavy drum beats, frisky, energetic movement. Much of these elements have influenced Hip- hop and is still evident in modern times Much of these elements have influenced Hip- hop and is still evident in modern times

45. Music Sub-Saharan music has as its special feature a rhythmic music that has spread to other regions, especially to the Americas. Contributed to salsa, jazz, and rock-n-roll. Sub-Saharan music has as its special feature a rhythmic music that has spread to other regions, especially to the Americas. Contributed to salsa, jazz, and rock-n-roll.

46. Colorful dress Can often identify tribal or ancestral roots.

47. Jewelry

48. Cultural Landscape Markets Churches reflect the growth of Islam in Africa Mosques, minarets: reflect the growth of Islam in Africa Villages Modern city cores

49. the Ivory Coast Cote d’ Ivoire: the Ivory Coast limited natural resources, cash crops in exchange for manufactured goods.

50. early caravan trade routes through Western Africa. Trans-Sahara trade: early caravan trade routes through Western Africa.

51. Supply Station for ships sailing around Africa. Cape town, South Africa: Supply Station for ships sailing around Africa.

52. The End.