1. Chemistry of Life
At the Completion of this Unit, Students will be able to:
List the major chemical elements in cells and know their chemical symbols and explain why they are essential to life (i.e. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and trace elements)
Explain the properties of water and describe why these properties are important to life. (Cohesion, adhesion, less dense as a solid, heat capacity, solvent properties, pH)
Identify the function of the 4 groups of macromolecules, how they are formed
(Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) and describe their structure.
Explain the role of enzymes in living organisms

2. What makes up the chemistry of life? Adam or Atom
A. Students will be able to identify and define the parts of an atom
What makes up the chemistry of life? Adam or Atom
The study of chemistry begins with the basic unit of matter, the atom.
The Greek word atomos,
which means “unable to cut”.
This word was first used nearly 2500 years ago by Greek philosopher Democritus.
Democritus asked a simple question “If you take an object like chalk and break it in half are both pieces still chalk?”
Yes, suppose you break the chalk down again and again and again. Can you continue to divide without limit? Or is there a limit? Democritus thought there was a limit.
Democritus called the smallest fragment the atom, a name scientists use today.

3. All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms
A. Identify and define the parts of an atom
Chemistry of Life
Atoms – the SMALLEST particle that can exist and still be considered a certain kind of matter
All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms

4. Atoms -- have three components
A. Identify and define the parts of an atom
Atoms -- have three components
ELECTRONS -- negatively charged
PROTONS -- positively charged; found in nucleus
NEUTRONS -- neutral; found in nucleus

5. A. Identify and define the parts of an atom
Electrons
Protons& Neutrons (Nucleus)
Energy Levels

6. B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements

7. Atomic Number = # of Protons and # of Electrons
B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Number = # of Protons and # of Electrons
Chemical Symbol
Chemical Name
Carbon
Atomic Weight =
# of Protons + Neutrons

8. B. Demonstrate how to use the Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic Number = # of Protons and # of Electrons
Chemical Symbol
Carbon
Chemical Name
Atomic Weight =
# of Protons + Neutrons
Remember: No more than 2 electrons on first ring, No more than 8 on second
P = 6
E = 6
N = 6 (Atomic Weight – Atomic # = Neutrons)

9. Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM
Chemistry of Life
Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM

10. Major Elements of Life
C = Carbon
H = Hydrogen
O = Oxygen
P = Phosphorus
K = Potassium

11. Major Elements of Life
I = Iodine
N = Nitrogen
S = Sulfur
Ca = Calcium

12. Fe = Iron Mg = Magnesium Na = Sodium Cl = Chlorine
Major Elements of Life
Fe = Iron
Mg = Magnesium
Na = Sodium
Cl = Chlorine

14. Where do we find these elements?
In all living and nonliving things.

15. Major Elements in Human Body

16. Chemistry of Life
Compounds – matter that is made of more than ONE kind of ATOM
Compounds are made by atoms sharing or taking ELECTRONS from the other atoms in the compound

17. Compound Example
Water ( H2O ) – each molecule is made of two HYDROGEN atoms and one OXYGEN atom

18. Water Molecule

19. Chemical Bonds The main types of Chemical Bonds in a compound are:
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds

20. Ionic Bonds
An IONIC BOND is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

21. Ionic Bond Example

22. Covalent Bonds
A COVALENT BOND is formed when electrons are shared between atoms.
Single bond: Share two electrons
Double bond: Share four electrons
Triple bond: Atoms share six or more electrons
MOLECULE. The structure that results when atoms are joined together by a covalent bond.

23. Covalent Bond Example

24. The Water Molecule
One atom of oxygen binds to two atoms of hydrogen to form H20.
Like all molecules a water molecule (H20) is neutral.
Water molecules are held together by a hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen Bonds are not as strong as covalent or ionic bonds.
The hydrogen atoms are attached to one side of the oxygen atom, resulting in a water molecule having a positive charge on the side where the hydrogen atoms are and a negative charge on the other side, where the oxygen atom is.
Since opposites attract, water molecules tend to attract each other, making water kind of "sticky."

25. The Water Molecule

26. Add – Solute, solution, solvent, pH, heat capacity
Properties of Water
Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance.
- Example: molecules on the surface of water are drawn inward, forming drops and beads.

27. Properties of Water
Adhesion is an attraction between molecules of different substances.
- Example: Water clinging to paper towel.
Capillary action is one of the forces that draws water out of the roots of a plant and up into its stems and leaves.
(Cohesion holds the column of water
together as it rises)

28. Bell Work Select 3 words off of your word wall
On the bottom of your word wall-
Define the word by DRAWING the meaning of the word
Example: + + =
Cohesion

29. Why is water so important to agriculture?
At least 75% of animal body mass is water
Plants contain 70-80% water
Transports nutrients and wastes

30. Why is water so important to agriculture?
Dissolves compounds -- “Universal Solvent”
the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
Solute – the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

31. Why is water so important to agriculture?
Regulates body temperature in animals
Provides structure for plants

32. E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. What is this?

33. E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture.

34. 80-100 pounds per day 8 pounds per gallon
E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. How much milk does she produce daily?
pounds per day
8 pounds per gallon

35. 2 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of milk
E. Summarize the importance of water in agriculture. How much WATER does a milk cow drink daily?
2 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of milk
Remember…
pounds per day
8 pounds per day
20-30 gallons

36. F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules
F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules. Macromolecules= A Very Large Molecule – made up of smaller organic molecules.
Remember…
Molecules are structures that are made when atoms are joined by a covalent bond.
Vs.

37. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
F. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules. 4 Classes of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

38. Carbohydrates Provide energy Three Types Monosaccharides Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

39. Carbohydrates Monosaccharaides
simple SUGAR
contain C6H12O6
GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND GALACTOSE

40. Carbohydrates Disaccharides
double SUGAR
contain two RINGS
SUCROSE and LACTOSE

41. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
complex CARBOHYDRATES
made of RINGS of SUGAR
STARCH, CELLULOSE, and GLYCOGEN

44. Proteins
STRUCTURE and FUNCTION
Made of H, O, C, N

45. Structure of Proteins Amino Acids – building BLOCKS
20 different kinds – all have the same elements but in different amounts
Polypeptides – chains of AMINO ACIDS Joined by peptide bonds
Proteins – chains of POLYPEPTIDES
Used to make SKIN, HAIR, MUSCLE, ORGANS, etc.

47. Carbon Atoms
Chemical Bonds
Beef
Protein

48. Lipids FATTY molecules used to store ENERGY
Made of long chains of H & C followed by COOH
Do not DISSOLVE in WATER
Lipids have less OXYGEN than carbohydrates
Examples of Lipids are: FATS, OILS, AND WAXES

50. Nucleic Acids Store INFORMATION that controls CELL activities
Made of a PHOSPHATE a SUGAR, and a BASE.
Examples of Nucleic Acids are: DNA and RNA

51. Enzymes
Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
Enzymes must collide with enough energy to break bonds creating a chemical reactions.
Chemical reactions create energy.

53. Bell Work-Charades! Select 2 words off of your word wall
Select a partner to work with
“Act” out the words you’ve selected to your partner until they guess
Remember Charade Rules
No Talking
No spelling the words (sign language)

54. Molecule Structure
Protein
Lipids
Nucleic Acid

55. Michelangelo E-Moment
When you hear the word “JUMP” you will proceed to the front of the classroom in an orderly manner to get enough gumdrops and toothpicks to create a model of an atom.
Think carefully about what you will need. What questions are there?
JUMP

56. Be sure to cover all the basic points about enzymes: Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell.
Enzymes are proteins.
Enzymatic reactions occur faster and at lower temperatures because enzymes lower the activation energy for that chemical reaction.
Enzymes are never consumed or used up during the reaction. They can do their job over and over again.
Enzymes are highly specific for just one substrate.  The enzyme has an active site with a unique 3-D shape into which this substrate must fit.  
Enzymes catalyze both the forward and the reverse of the same reaction.
Enzymes can be denatured by temperatures and pH levels outside the optimal range for that particular enzyme.
Enzymes are truly amazing proteins that play a vital role inside every living cell.  Please don't leave this out of your curriculum!