2.  Subatomic particles  Nucleus Proton Neutron Quarks  Electrons Outside the nucleus Different distances (levels, clouds) Move randomly  Size

3.  Atomic number  # of protons  Mass #  # of protons + # of neutrons  Atomic mass

4.  Carbon  Atomic # # of protons # of electrons  Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons  Most common form of carbon  Carbon – 14  14 = mass #  # of protons  # of electrons  # of neutrons  Isotope : same # of protons, but different # of neutrons from most common form

5.  Boron – 11  # of protons  # of electrons  # of neutrons  Isotope?  Boron – 10  # of protons  # of electrons  # of neutrons  Isotope?

6.  Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following  Fluorine-20  Helium-4  Which of those compounds is an isotope?

7.  Makes up a lot of living things  Many useful/helpful properties  Polarity  Lopped side appearance  One side slightly positive  Creates solutions  Because of charge can dissolve Other polar and ionic (fully charged) 2 or 3 types of compounds Examples  Can break apart other substances Creates suspensions Examples http://www.sserc.org.uk/wwwroot2/prim3/new_guidelin es/Newsletters/39/Water_related_activities.htm http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86263495/colloids

8.  Can hold lots of heat  Takes more energy to heat up  Releases energy back more slowly  Examples  Is more dense as a liquid

9.  Very strong between molecules  Each water can have 4 H- bonds  Causes  Cohesion  Adhesion  Capillary action  Surface tension Surface tension http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/common_wa ter_strider.htm http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/capillary-action- transpiration/

10.  Water breaks down to H + and OH -  pH = how much H +  pH of 7 means H + and OH - are equal  Acids  pH lower than 7  Lower # = stronger  Examples  Bases  pH higher than 7  Higher # = stronger  Examples  Buffers  Help with homeostasis

11.  Define:  Cohesion  Adhesion  pH  Describe 4 reasons why water is a versatile molecule that is important to living beings  Stomach acid has a pH of 2 and ocean water has a pH of 8  Which one is acidic?  Which one is closer to being neutral?

12.  Atom  Molecule  Atoms are generally neutral  Ions  Atom with a charge  Sodium 11 protons + 11 electrons = neutral Gains or loses electrons 11 protons + 10 electrons = +1 http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/1-what-is-an-ion.html Caffeine http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine_Molecule.png

13. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/covalent_ionic_bonds.php  Make molecules  An attraction, not a physical thing  Hydrogen  Ionic  Involves ions  Gaining/losing electrons  Very strong  Covalent  Sharing electrons  Not as strong  More common

14.  C, H, N, O, P, S  Organic  Contains C and H  Covalent bonds  Usually large molecules  In living things  Inorganic  No C (unless simple, like CO or CO 2 )  Examples – water, O 2, N 2 http://missehonorsbio.blogspot.com/2012/09/organic-molecules-introduction.html http://bhavanajagat.com/tag/oxygen-cycle/

15.  Definition  Polymer  Made of monomers  Each bond created releases water  Breaking a bond releases water

17. http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html  Basics  1C:2H:1O  Main source of energy  Structural  Monosaccharides  Simple sugar  Glucose  Galactose  Fructose  Disaccharides  2 sugars  Sucrose = glucose + fructose  Lactose = glucose + galactose

18.  Polysaccharides  Starch  Storage in plants  Glucose units  Glycogen  Storage in animals Released from liver  Glucose units  Cellulose  Glucose units  Structure in plants Wood

19.  Fill in the chart with the missing vocabulary terms  Define:  Ions  Chemical bond  Macromolecule  Polymer  Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Carbohydrates Composed on one subunit Composed of 2 subunits Composed of more than 2 subunits

20.  Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, hormones  Insoluble in water  Glycerol + fatty acid(s)  Functions  Cell structure  More efficient energy storage (9 vs. 4 calories)  Communication  Steroids  Ring of carbons  Hormones  Cholesterol http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html http://www.raw-milk-facts.com/cholesterol_primer_T3.html

21.  Saturated  All single carbon bonds  Solid  Examples  Unsaturated  Carbon to carbon double bond(s)  Liquid  Examples  Good vs. bad http://escapinganergy.blogspot.com/2011/06/diving-into-high-fat-diet-promotes.html

22.  Name what each is made of and a use for each:  Carbohydrate  Lipid  What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

23.  Contain C, H, N, O  Made of amino acids  Very specific order or amino acids  Complex 3d shape  Chain of amino acids = polypeptide chain  Folds and crumples  May have multiple subunits  Function  Structural  Nutrient storage  Transportation  Identification of cells (defense)  Enzymes http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cellular- macromolecules/proteins.php

24.  Change shape easily  Denature  Caused by changes in  Temperature  pH  Salt concentration  Molecules present  May permanently disable the protein or cause it to malfunction  Frying an egg http://biology-pictures.blogspot.com/2011/11/denaturation-of-proteins.html http://chefsblade.monster.com/training/articles/216-food-science-basics-denaturing-proteins

25.  Atoms don’t change  Atoms rearranged  Chemical bonds broken and formed  Usually requires energy - activation energy  Getting energy slows down the reaction

26.  Proteins  Catalyst  Not changed  Lowers activation energy  Speeds up reaction  Lock and key  Substrate  Active site  Will not work if denatured  Used in most biological processes http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/active.html

27.  Proteins are complex. Describe how they form their complex structure.  In a chemical reaction, what exactly happens to the atoms?  What are 4 functions of a protein?  What does it mean to denature a protein and what cause to happen to that protein?  How are enzymes helpful to living organisms?

28.  Contains C, H, N, O, P  Made from nucleotides  5-carbon sugar  Phosphate group  Nitrogenous base (5 different)  Purpose – genetic information  DNA, RNA http://www.nist.gov/oles/forensics/biology_dna.cfm

29.  Outermost electrons  Participate in bonds  Fill levels in a pattern  2 in first  8 in second  18 in third  Lewis structure  Shows just valence electrons http://www.pdesas.org/module/content/resources/18002/view.ashx

30.  Macromolecules  Polymer  Monomer  Carbohydrate  Polysaccharide  Disaccharide  Monosaccharide  Lipid  Glycerol and fatty acid  Saturated  Unsaturated  Protein  Enzyme  Catalyst  Amino acid  Denature  pH  Acid  Base  Neutral  Nucleic acid  Nucleotide  Chemical bond  Hydrogen  Ionic  Covalent  Chemical reaction  Activation energy  Valence electrons  Atom  Molecule  Proton, neutron, electron  Ion  Isotope  Water  Cohesion  Adhesion  Surface tension  Capillary action  Polarity  Solution