1. Urban Patterns Key 3 & Key 4
Chapter 13
Urban Patterns
Key 3 & Key 4

2. Key Issue 3 Why Do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems?
Inner-city physical problems
Deterioration process
Urban renewal
Inner-city social problems
Underclass
Culture of poverty
Inner-city economic problems
Annexation

3. Inner-City Physical Problems
Poor condition of housing
Most built before 1940
Process of Deterioration
# of low-income families increase
Territory expands
Middle-class families move away
Sell or rent their houses to low-income

4. Filtering 19th Century Large houses
Subdivided into smaller dwellings for low-income
Maintenance of homes is important
Landlords stop maintaining buildings when rent is less than cost
Ultimate result: deterioration & abandonment of dwelling
Schools & shops close
Low-income move further away from center
Year
Inhabitants in Inner City Neighborhoods
1900
100,000
2000
10,000

5. Redlining Illegal Banks draw lines on map Community Reinvestment Act
Determines areas where they refuse to loan money
Makes it difficult for people to renovate homes
Community Reinvestment Act
Requires US banks to loan money to inner-city neighborhoods

6. Urban Renewal North America & Europe
Demolish substandard inner-city housing
Cities acquire rundown homes from owners
Build new roads utilities
Sold to developers or public agencies
National grants help fund urban renewal

7. Public Housing Reserved for low-income households
Pay 30% of income to rent
Government agencies responsible for maintenance & repairs of buildings
US, public housing is 2% of dwellings
UK, 1/5 is public housing

8. Public Housing US & Europe
High rise public housing of 1950s & 190s now unsatisfactory
Drug use & crime rates are high
Poor conditions
Many demolished in Baltimore, Chicago, & cities of W Europe
Recent public housing projects
2-3 story apartment buildings/row homes
Scatter housing rather than cluster in one area
US gov’t stopped funding of new construction, only fund renovation
Increase of demand for public housing, funding has decreased

9. Renovated Housing Alternative to demolition
Non-profit renovate to sell or rent them
Renovated housing in middle-class neighborhoods
Gentrification
Middle-class families move into formerly deteriorated low-income neighborhoods
Renovated housing
Large homes
Cheaper than suburbs
Attractive architectural details

10. Gentrification in Boston
The Back Bay area near downtown Boston has attracted many wealthy residents.

11. Racial Change in Chicago 1980 - 2000
Fig : Racial & ethnic change in Chicago, Dots represent where race and ethnicity increased. White population increased in the inner city and North Side, while African American and Hispanic population increased in the outer city and inner suburbs.

12. Inner City Social Problems
Permanent Underclass: trapped in cycle of economic & social problems
Unemployment
Alcoholism
Drug addiction
Illiteracy
Juvenile delinquency
crime
Schools deteriorated, lack adequate police/fire protection, shops, hospitals, health-care facilities

13. Lack of Job Skills Lack technical skills for most jobs
Less than half complete high school
Gap between skills needed and skills possessed is widening
Low-skilled jobs have moved to suburbs
Lack of transportation

14. Homeless Est 3 million homeless Americans Cannot afford housing
No regular income
Family problems job loss
1/3 released from hospitals/institutions
¼ are children

15. Culture of Poverty Unwed mothers: birth 2/3 of inner-city babies
80% inner-city children live w/single parent
Choice between staying home or working
Welfare
“dead-beat dads”
Not paying child support

16. Crime Drug use increasing in inner cities Crime to pay for drug use
Gangs control drug distribution
Drugs sold openly in inner-city
Suburbs: more discrete

17. Dayton, Ohio Drug-related Arrests
Fig a: Drug-related arrests have been concentrated in the low income inner-west side of the city.

18. Ethnic & Racial Segregation
Neighborhoods often segregated by ethnicity
African Americans
Hispanics
Whites
East/West or North/South sides of cities
Correlates with voting patterns

19. Dayton, Ohio Race and Voting
Fig b: In the 2005 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin, an African American incumbent, concentrated in the African American west side of the city.

20. Inner-City Economic Problems
People require public services
Pay little in taxes
Growing gap between cost & availability of services
City has 2 choices
Reduce services: libraries, trash, schools
Encourage middle-class to move to suburbs
Raise taxes
Drives out industry, less taxes collected

21. Annexation Annexation: legally adding land area to city
Cities grow& took peripheral land
Residents vote on decision
Chicago from 10sq miles in 1837to 190sq miles in 1900
Was desirable because city offered more services
Today: suburban residents prefer to be part of suburbs, close to city, but not legally part of it

22. Growth of Chicago
Fig : Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

23. Key Issue 4 Why do Suburbs have distinctive problems?
The peripheral model
Density gradient
Cost of suburban sprawl
Suburban segregation
Transportation and suburbanization
Motor vehicles
Public transportation
Local government fragmentation
Metropolitan government
Growing smart

24. Population Changes Population decline by 30-50% in many cities
Baltimore
Cleveland
Pittsburgh
Boston
Cincinnati
Suburbs continue to grow
1950: 20% of pop in suburbs
2000: 50% of pop in suburbs

25. 90% of US & W Europe prefer to live in suburbs
Suburb LIving
90% of US & W Europe prefer to live in suburbs
Detached single-family homes
Private land
Parking
Privacy
Protection from crime

26. The Peripheral Model Chauncey Harris (multiple nuclei model)
“Urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential & business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road”
Lack problems of inner-city neighborhoods
Edge Cities: around the beltway, suburban residence
Transforming to include malls, manufacturing, office parks, hotels, theme parks

27. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

28. Density Gradient
As you travel outward from city, population density decreases
Apartments  row homes  townhouses  single detached
The number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distances from center city increases
Changes in Density Gradient
Less people living in cities
Population increasing in periphery

29. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient 1900-1990
Fig : The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

30. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1900
Fig a: In 1900 population was highly clustered in and near the central business district.

31. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1930
Fig b: By 1930, population had begun to spread outward, leaving the core less dense.

32. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1960
Fig c: Outward movement had accelerated by 1960, leaving the original CBD core as the least densely populated area of the city.

33. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient, 1990
Fig d: By population was spread over a much larger area, there was less variation among rings, and the lowest densities were near the CBD.

34. Cost of Suburban Sprawl
Progressive spread of development over the landscape
Cheap land bought by developers to construct new homes
Land is further from other developments

35. Suburban Development Process
Continued demand for single-family detached homes
Land continues to be converted for residential use
Inefficient use of land: Swiss Cheese of US
Developers buy farms
Builders by land
Homeowner pays for lot
New roads need to be built
Waste of land
Wastes energy
Long drives to work

36. European Suburbs Europe restricts construction
Preserves “mandatory open space”
London has greenbelts: rings of open space
New housing is restricted to inside or outside of greenbelt
Restrictions drive up home prices

37. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig : New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

38. Northampton, United Kingdom
There is usually a sharp boundary between an urban area in the U.K., such as Northampton, and the surrounding rural area.

39. Tokyo Subway
“Subway pushers” help push as many people as possible into subway cars during rush hour in Tokyo. Other passengers wait in orderly lines to board the next train.

40. Public Transport in Brussels
Fig : Brussels, Belgium illustrates the integration of heavy rail (Métro Lines 1 & 2) and light rail (trams) in European public transport.

41. Tram Line in Brussels
A Line 92 tram on the Rue Royale in Brussels.

42. Stressed School Districts in Cincinnati Metropolitan Area
Fig : A high-cost school district has either a high percentage of students eligible for free lunches or a rapidly changing enrollment. Districts in the suburbs have high costs but low spending.

43. Central London Traffic Sign
This sign near Marble Arch in London warns motorists that they are about to enter the Congestion Zone. A charge is levied for driving a private vehicle into central London from 7 AM to 6:30 PM.