1. Green Book Ch 3 – 52-69 & Chapter 13 262-271
Ancient India & China
2500 BC- 256 BC
Civilizations in India & China
Foundations for Religion & Philosophy
Achievements of Ancient Asia
Green Book Ch 3 – & Chapter
Honors: Pp & Chapter

2. Key Vocabulary- UNIT II China & India
Hinduism
Buddhism
Reincarnation
Karma
Dharma
Subcontinent
Monsoon
Rajah
Polytheistic
Caste System
Ahimsa
Asoka/Asoka
Vedas
Vedic Age
Mandate of Heaven
Veneration of Ancestors
Dynastic Cycle
Filial Piety
Confucius
Siddhartha Gautama
Sanskrit
Civil Service
Middle Kingdom
Taoism
Legalism

3. Essential Questions :India/China
How has geography influenced India and China?
What are some key geographic features of both India and China
What are some achievements of both early civilizations of India and China
What impact did the Aryans have on India
How did the caste system influence India?
What ideas of gov’t did early Chinese civilizations bring?
Why is Hinduism a complex religion? What are some of the central teachings of Buddhism. Compare the similarities and the differences of the two religions.
What philosophies developed in early China?
What caused the collapsed of the early civilization in China and India?

8. Geographic Features of India
The term subcontinent is only associated w/ India
3 major zones: northern plain, Deccan Plateau & the coastal plains
2 major rivers: Indus River & Ganges River
Monsoons (winter and summer)- These bring floods and destruction…also needed rain!
Himalayan Mountains have a dramatic effect on the region.

11. Indus Valley Civilization
2500 BC-1000 BC
Well planned cities of Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa
Massive planned cities-grid pattern
Lost due to a flood/no records left
Powerful gov’t
Brick buildings
*****************************************
“In the Beginning Reading” (please review)
Invasion of the Aryans changed their lives. The people of the Indus Valley were monotheistic…but the Aryans brought their polytheistic ideas and religion to the region (Hinduism is formed)

12. Indus Valley Civilization
2500 BC-1500 BC
Cities: Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa
Massive well planned cities-grid pattern
Powerful gov’t
Brick buildings
Farming & Trade
Special regard for cattle- cows are worshipped…
New language- SANSKIRT…basics for Hinduism..

13. Harappa Seals
More than 2,000 seals have been found. Historians think that each merchant family used its own seal to stamp labels on its trade goods- is this similar to anything people do today?

14. The ruins of the ancient city Mohenjo-Daro are found in the province of Sind, southern Pakistan (used to be India). Dating to 2500 bc, the ruins are an important source of information about the Indus Valley civilization, which was one of the world’s first great civilizations.

15. Mysterious endings
What are possible causes to the decline of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa?
Ecological disaster?
…Deforestation?
…Volcanic eruption?
…Devastating earthquake?
Desertion?
Invasion?

16. The Aryans 1500 BC the warlike Aryans invaded India
Superior iron weapons
Their records were left in the Vedas (hence they refer to this as the Vedic Age BC
An example of the Vedic book is the Rig Veda

21. “Instant Karma is going to get you…” John Lennon
The term karma is defined as: the total effect of a person’s actions and conduct during the successive phases of existence.(what you do in this life effects your next life).
This idea reinforces the caste system…
Does karma play into how you behave?
How may one have “good” karma?
How may one have “bad” karma?

22. CASTE SYSTEM
The caste system is a religious and social system that organized the people of India based on status and occupation by BIRTH
This is an example of a rigid class structure . {typically represented by a triangle}
This system is the foundation for the Hindu faith.
This takes into account reincarnation, karma, and your dharma.
The goal is to reach moksha- unification w/ the GODS- break out of the caste and join the gods
Each caste has a job, duty and obligation

25. Major concepts- Vocabulary
Reincarnation-the process of the soul being born again.
Atman- the essential self/soul
Karma-all of the actions of a person’s life and how they affect their fate in the next life.
Dharma-the religious/moral duties of each caste.
Moksha-union w/ the gods
Nirvana-eternal bliss/peace
Cows are sacred animals

26. Hinduism-one of the oldest and the only POLYTHEISTIC religions
3 main gods:
Brahma- creator
Shiva- destroyer
Vishnu- preserver
+1,000 more….

28. Questions for review How does the caste system effect society?
Would you consider Hinduism a complex religion?
What problems does the caste system cause?
Handout for Essay: Chart Hinduism/Buddhism

30. Hinduism Buddhism Founder (s) Who / When Location
Holy Books/Holy Literature
Polytheistic/Monotheistic
Examples
Practices/Tenants
Goals
Major religious themes
Holy places
Miscellaneous:

35. Buddhism Who is the founder? Around what year?
What are some of the main beliefs?
What are commonalities w/ Hinduism?
What are the holy books?
How is this more of a “way” of life?

36. Origins of Buddhism Founder: Sidhartha Gautama 6th Century BC India
Sought a “new way” of life
Through meditation he became : Buddha or the enlightened one
Sought the “middle way”

37. Teachings and Beliefs
Siddhartha was born into the Brahmin caste, and by all account led a luxurious lifestyle. However, he was troubled by the human misery that he saw around him everyday. Upon reflection, he deduced that desire was the root caused of all suffering. This idea has been recorded as the Four Noble Truths

38. Four Noble Truths
Siddhartha's  philosophy of the nature of human suffering and its relation to desire is articulated by these four statements:
Life is full of pain and suffering.
Human desire causes this suffering.
By putting an end to desire, humans can end suffering.
Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold Path.

40. Eightfold Path
The Wheel of Life is one of the most important symbols of Buddhism, as it represents the endless cycle of life through reincarnation and because each of its eight spokes represents one of the teachings of the Eightfold Path.
Know that suffering is caused by desire.
Be selfless and love all life.
Do not lie, or speak without cause.
Do not kill, steal, or commit other unrighteous acts.
Do not do things which promote evil.
Take effort to promote righteousness.
Be aware of your physical actions, state of mind, and emotions.
Learn to meditate.

50. Similarities of Hinduism and Buddhism

51. Differences
Hinduism
Buddhism

54. Ancient Kingdoms of India
Maurya Empire
Chandragupta seized the thrown of India
This empire developed over the Deccan Plateau & into Afghanistan
Schools and Libraries were created
The most notable achievements were:
Expansion of trade
Creation of a code of laws: Asoka’s Edits
Gupta Empire

55. Asoka
He is the most famous leaders of the Maurya empire. 269 BC-232 BC
He was a warrior that saw the evils of battle and converted to Buddhism..he became a pacifist.
He preached toleration and non violence
Codified laws called: Asoka’s Edicts.
EX’s

58. The Fourteen Rock Edicts [^]1
Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, has caused this Dhamma edict to be written.[1] Here (in my domain) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice. Nor should festivals be held, for Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, sees much to object to in such festivals, although there are some festivals that Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, does approve of.
Formerly, in the kitchen of Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, hundreds of thousands of animals were killed every day to make curry. But now with the writing of this Dhamma edict only three creatures, two peacocks and a deer are killed, and the deer not always. And in time, not even these three creatures will be killed. 2
Everywhere[2] within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules, and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos,[3] everywhere has Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, made provision for two types of medical treatment: medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals. Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not available, I have had them imported and grown. Wherever medical roots or fruits are not available I have had them imported and grown. Along roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animals.[4]

59. 3
Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi, speaks thus:[5] Twelve years after my coronation this has been ordered -- Everywhere in my domain the Yuktas, the Rajjukas and the Pradesikas shall go on inspection tours every five years for the purpose of Dhamma instruction and also to conduct other business.[6]
Respect for mother and father is good, generosity to friends, acquaintances, relatives, Brahmans and ascetics is good, not killing living beings is good, moderation in spending and moderation in saving is good. The Council shall notify the Yuktas about the observance of these instructions in these very words.

60. Guptas After the Maurya Empire comes the Guptas (320 BC-500AD)
India was invaded by the Greeks and the Persians which caused cultural diffusion.
The dominate religion was Hinduism
By 400 the Huns from Asia began to invade
Out of the confusion emerged the Guptas
This was a Golden Age of India
Characteristics of a Golden Age:

61. THE GUPTAS Decimal system Concept of ZERO Inoculation Infinity
Textiles
Golden Ages always have advances in Arts, Science and Mathematics.

63. Key Vocabulary- UNIT II China & India
Vedas
Vedic Age
Mandate of Heaven
Veneration of Ancestors
Dynastic Cycle
Filial Piety
Confucius
Siddhartha Gautama
Sanskrit
Civil Service
Middle Kingdom
Taoism
Legalism
Ethnocentric
Hinduism
Buddhism
Reincarnation
Karma
Dharma
Subcontinent
Monsoon
Rajah
Polytheistic
Caste System
Ahimsa
Asoka/Asoka

64. Ancient China: Points of interest: New religions/Philosophies
Daoism, Legalism, Confucianism, Buddhism
Ancient Empires
Shang, Zhou, Chin, Han
Scientific Advancements
Silk making, Gunpowder…Great Wall of China

67. Terms that are associated w/ China
Ethnocentrism:
Mandate of Heaven:
Dynastic Cycle
Veneration of Ancestors

68. Ancient China Geographic Features:
Mountains (Himalayan Mountains)
This fostered Ethnocentric ideas
They were the “Middle Kingdom”
The people between the “Heavens and Earth”
River Valleys
Yangtze River
Huang He River/Yellow River
Ethnocentric- the belief your culture is the best or superior.
Veneration of the ancestors: the worshipping of your dead relatives to bring you luck in your life.

72. Shang Dynasty 1766 BC-1050 BC Yellow River
The King remained in the capital and local rulers in the countryside (feudalism)
Feudalism is found in CHINA, ANCIENT JAPAN AND EUROPE…DURING THE MIDDLE AGES…
Society based on farming
Limited Writing System: Pictograms (thus it was limited in it’s translation)
This was confusing (over 3000 symbols) Too many symbols…dialects
Only the wealthy / monks could read & write

73. Religious Beliefs Spirits in nature
They controlled the floods, the sun, the locust plagues
Praying to ancestors: Veneration of the ancestors- your dead ancestors control your fate…and the fate of all on earth.
Priests and oracle readers-they predicted events in the future.

75. Life Most people were peasants Extended families lived together
Achievements:
Decimal System
Bronze weapons
Yoke Harness
Chariots

78. Zhou/Chou = Joe 1122 BC-256 BC (your text says 1027 BC)
Experienced the “Golden Age” of philosophy
*****************************************
These ideas are fostered during this dynasty:
Mandate of heaven: This idea states “if a government fails to meet the people’s needs, then the people can revolt against the dynasty.
The dynastic cycle would explain the rise and fall of dynasties in ancient China.
Development of Confucian ideas
Daoism/Taoism

80. From Confucius
By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life. Death and life have their determined appointments; riches and honors depend upon heaven. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire. Everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it. Faced with what is right, to leave it undone shows a lack of courage. Go before the people with your example, and be laborious in their affairs.
He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it. He who learns but does not think, is lost! He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.

81. THE FIVE RELATIONSHIPS
Father to Son
Older Brother to Younger Brother
Friend to Friend
Ruler to Ruled
Husband to Wife
Filial Piety: respect for one’s elders. This idea creates order and allowed for people to know their role. One is subordinate to his or her elders.
* You had to know your role and how it promoted stability

82. Zhou…
Feudalism emerged as the easiest way to govern large agricultural state
Eco. Growth: iron working, new crops like soy beans, large scale irrigation systems.
Large food surplus = larger populations
Silk making & Trade
Books (Book of Songs)

84. 2 Schools of Thought in Ancient China
Daoism
500 BC
Best government is the one that governs the least.
Nature provides answers.
The Way or Path
Harmony/Yin & Yang
“Dao De Jing”
Lao Tzu
Legalism
250 BC
Strict laws…
People are evil and wicked. They need a government that is strict
Harsh laws = order
King Hanfezi

86. The meaning of Yin-Yang This Symbol (Yin-Yang) represents the ancient Chinese understanding of how things work. The outer circle represents "everything", while the black and white shapes within the circle represent the interaction of two energies, called "yin" (black) and "yang" (white), which cause everything to happen. They are not completely black or white, just as things in life are not completely black or white, and they cannot exist without each other.
While "yin" would be dark, passive, downward, cold, contracting, and weak, "yang" would be bright, active, upward, hot, expanding, and strong. The shape of the yin and yang sections of the symbol, actually gives you a sense of the continual movement of these two energies, yin to yang and yang to yin, causing everything to happen: just as things expand and contract, and temperature changes from hot to cold.

87. Family more important than the individual
Confucianism
500 BC
Confucius
King Fu Zi
Chou Dynasty
Filial piety
Family more important than the individual
Educated people will make the best gov’t
Respect for leaders
The Analects- BOOK
Five Relationships
Daoism
Lao Tzu
“The way”
Respect for the force of nature
Things happen
Yin-Yang
Less Rules in society
Dao De Jing- BOOK
Legalism
233 BC
King Hanfeizi
Chin/Qin
Strict laws = better society
Anti-Confucius
Man is evil..we need rules
Power of the king/emperor important (dictatorship)
Buddhism
Buddha/Sidhartha
India
6th Century BC
Goal: Nirvana
8 Fold Path Against the caste sys.
4 Noble Truths Meditation
Non-Violence
Three Baskets of wisdom

89. Qin Dynasty 221BC-206 BC China unified under one empire
Emperor Shi Huangdi: “First Emperor”
Used the concepts of legalism
Unified all areas of China’s kingdom
Great Wall of China (over 4,000 miles long)
Terra Cotta Warriors

94. Shi Huangdi Built extensive infrastructure (roads and canals)
Irrigation projects
Unification and development at the cost of human rights (people were forced to work on public works projects)
Great Wall
Discouraged attacks
Denoted the land of the Qin
The empire fell to the Han in 200 BC

96. Han Dynasty Han emperors expanded the territory/borders
Adopted Confucian ideas… away from Legalism
Wu Ti: The Warrior Emperor drove the Huns back to the north
Developed a effective civil service system

97. Han Dynasty
200 BC- 220 AD
Gov’t- Gao Zu first leader used the mandate of heaven.
Confucian ideas revisited
“Men of Virtue” to lead
Civil services developed (exam)

98. Advances under the Han
Unified writing system
Observations of the stars
Time keeping devices
Accurate calendar
Water mills
Paper
the compass
the seismograph
Use of the Silk road increased trade w/ the Middle East