1. Chapters 2 and 3: The Classical Period in China and India
AP World History, Mr. Bartula

2. The Classical Era ca 1000 BCE- ca 500 CE

3. What is a Classical Period?
A period of advanced civilization
Technology
Cross cultural trade and contact
Ethical religion and philosophy
Population growth
Syncretism

4. Ca 1000 BCE—500 CE Technological Developments
Iron metallurgy
Hittites (Asia Minor ca 1200 BCE)
Stronger and more versatile than bronze
Levers, inclined planes, pulleys, wedges, wheels, sails
Power from human and animal labor

6. Ruins of Hattusas, the Hittite Capital

7. Population changes Population growth in civilized areas
Diseases in civilized areas spread to hunter-gathering societies.
Many diseases became endemic in civilized areas
Exposure to pathogens caused virulent epidemics among other societies
Isolation caused substantially less disease in the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific Islands: Virgin soil areas.

8. Gender Structures Patriarchal societies Patrilocal structure
Philosophies and religions considered women necessary, but inferior to men.
Women had little access to education or economic power

9. Religious Changes in the Classical Era
The Axial Age ca 800 BCE- 200 BCE
Zoroaster ca 600 BCE
Isaiah and the “Age of the Prophets” BCE
Confucius BCE and Laozi BCE
Upanishad texts ca 550 BCE, Buddha BCE
Greek philosophy

11. Zoroaster
Dualism
Apocalyptic
Ahura-Mazda vs Ahriman
Devas

12. Hebrew Monotheism Growing emphasis on personal God of morality
Early Hebrews worshipped Elohim (plural for “lords”) or El Shaddai “God the Mountaineer”
Henotheism

13. Moses: El Shaddai became YHWH (Yahweh)
Transcendant
Monotheism

14. Isaiah and the Prophets
God of Righteousness
Ethics: do right, show mercy, punish evil, do justice to ensure harmonious society

15. Classical Age China Later Zhou Dynasty
Period of weak central government
Ca 600 BCE, only eight or nine large states remained

17. Warring States Period
Large population (There is no point in history in which China has not been the most heavily populated region.)
Large, conscripted armies led by professional soldiers
Professional governing class developed

18. “The Period of the One Hundred Schools” 551-233 BCE
The most creative period in Chinese philosophy
All the major schools of Chinese philosophy began

19. Confucianism Kung fu tzu 551-479 BCE “Master Kung”
Born in province of Lu
Early successful political career
Dismissed from government service
Became itinerant teacher

20. The Analects
Confucius’ teachings, recorded by his students

21. What is the right way to live?
Determine the right pattern to live and govern by.
Do this by studying the past.
Follow rituals, which are prescribed for conduct of every day life.
Neglecting ritual demonstrates moral anarchy.

22. Confucianism’s Basic Tenets
Confucius’ teachings have been followed by more people for more generations than any other human being.
Confucianism has influenced the development of Chinese and other East Asian civilizations: Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, etc.

23. What is the chief goal of Confucianism?
An orderly society
Hierarchy
Patriarchy
The Emperor is the father of his people
The past is the model for the present

24. The Shi An educated gentleman Kindly to those beneath him
Obedient and respectful to those above him
Criticism of those above is acceptable if done politely
Shi-Bureaucrats

25. Jen Humaneness Humanity, benevolence, goodness, virtue
Always follow the highest concepts of behavior, even if impractical or foolish.

26. Te
Moral virtue
All people are basically good

27. The Second Sage Mencius (Mong Ka) 372-289 BCE
The foremost student of Confucius

28. Righteousness (i)
The humaneness (jen) you show to others is influenced by the type of personal relationship you have to that person.
Jen is displayed according to your positions and to the obligations you owe to the other.

29. Mencius and Confucius compared
Both believed rulers were divinely placed to guarantee peace and order within their realms.
Mencius believed that a ruler who failed to bring about peace and order could be replaced, and the people absolved of loyalty to him.
People are basically good (te)

30. Xunzi (fl 298-238 BCE) The third great Confucian scholar
Xunzi’s teachings are called “Legalism”
People are fundamentally depraved, selfish, greedy, and lustful

31. How can people be “made” to be good?
people could be made good through acculturation and education
Xunzi’s pupil Han Fei Tzu believed people are made good by state laws

32. Laws should punish all actions that harm others or the state and reward actions that benefit others or the state.

33. Confucianism and Legalism Compared
To Confucius, power is to be wielded for the benefit of the people.
To the Legalists, power was to control individual selfishness

34. Legalism’s Influence
Utilitarianism: people should have occupations that materially benefit others.
“Rule of Law”: Law is supreme over every individual, including rulers
Law must be uniformly applied, regardless of social standings (equality before the law)

35. Daoism
Laozi BCE
“The Teachings of the Yellow Emperor and Laozi”

36. Tao te ching
The teachings of Laozi

37. Daoism
Behind all material things and all change in the world lies one fundamental, universal principle:
The Dao (The Way)

38. Characteristics of Daoism
Passivity
Calm
Non-striving (wu wei)
Humility
Lack of Planning

39. A Daoist Government Would:
Not wage war
Not be complex
Not interfere in people’s lives
Serve as a guide, not a governor

40. Later Daoists enocouraged mysticism and magic
Many Chinese doctors were Daoists
Feng Shui is a version of Daoism popular today.

41. Qin Dynasty China 256-206 BCE Shi Huangdi became “First Emperor”
Conquered most of northern China by 221 BCE

42. Qin Developments Centralized government under Legalist principles
Standardized weights and measures
Public works and building programs
Great Wall constructed to prevent invasions by Hsiung-nu

43. The Great Wall

45. Qin Cavalryman and horse

46. Bronze Chariot and Horses of Shi Huangdi

47. Tomb of Shi Huangdi

49. Diagram showing tomb as originally constructed

50. Fall of the Qin Dynasty
“Ruthless efficiency” led to harsh, Legalistic rule
Peasant Revolts over heavy taxation, forced labor
Qin collapsed in 206 BC, four years after the death of the First Emperor

51. Han Dynasty 202 BCE-220 CE The Classical Period in Chinese history
Legalism replaced by Confucianism
“Shi-Bureaucrats” ran centralized government
Standardization of coinage, weights and measures

52. Han Wudi 141-85 BCE Greatest and most powerful Han Emperor
Defeated Hsiung-nu
Expanded Chinese territory
Increased Chinese influence in Central Asia
Helped lead to establishment of the Silk Road

53. Classical Age India Culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse
14 major languages (most Indo-European)
Indian culture synthesis of Harappan, Aryan, and other influences

54. We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made. Albert Einstein India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition. Mark Twain. If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India . French scholar Romain Rolland.

55. Religions of South Asia

56. Hinduism
Early Aryan history known as the “Rig-Vedic” Period ( BCE)
Rig-Vedas are the earliest religious texts of Hinduism
Written in Sanskrit

57. Monotheism or Polytheism?
Over 3000 gods and goddesses
All considered aspects of Brahma, the overall

58. Shiva

59. Vishnu

60. Kali

61. The Hindu Caste System Brahmin (priests)
Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)
Vaisyas (merchants)
Sudras (peasants and laborers)
Untouchables (people without caste, Chandala)

62. The four varnas (castes) originated in the sacrifice of the macrocosmic, primeval man, according to the Rig Veda.
Brahmans: Head
Kshatriyas: Shoulders
Vaisyas: Thighs
Sudras: Feet

63. Traditional Functions of the Castes
Brahman: priests, thinkers, intellectuals
Kshatriyas: rule, protect, maintain order
Vaisyas: commerce and agriculture
Sudras: more menial tasks
Untouchables: work with polluting substances: leather, excrement, filth

64. Castes and Hierarchy
Hierarchical rank according to purity and pollution
Rituals and ceremonies in each caste serve as caste identifiers
Ultimate punishment: excommunication from your caste

65. Consequences of the Caste System
Individuals are judged by their caste, not by their abilities. Caste interaction discouraged
Benefits the top castes to the detriment of the lower castes
Some caste mobility through Sanskritization: groups within castes can gradually raise their status by emulating higher castes over several generations

66. The system has survived for centuries, meaning Hindu society remains stable
Modern India has legal equality for all and guarantees basic human rights, but cultural discrimination against lower castes and untouchables continues

67. Hindu Religious texts Ramayana Mahabarata Upanishads Written in
Sanskrit

69. Dharma: Life Path
Karma : Fate
Reincarnation

70. Siddhartha Gautama ca 563-483 BCE
Born the son of a Kshatriya chief
At age 29 assumed an ascetic lifestyle in search of Nirvana (Enlightenment)
Known as Buddha “The Enlightened One”

71. The Four Noble Truths 1. All human life is suffering
2. All suffering is caused by desire
End suffering by ending desire
End desire by following the Eightfold Noble Path: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

72. Selflessness
Disapproval of violence, meat eating, animal sacrifice, and war
Four Cardinal Virtues: friendliness, compassion, joy, and equanimity

73. Buddhism and Hinduism Compared
Belief in reincarnation, the Brahma or “Universal Soul”
Buddhism more egalitarian, no caste system
Buddhism less patriarchal, women have equal chance to achieve Nirvana

74. Two Types of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism: philosophy rather than religion. Buddha a man, not god, practiced primarily in Sri Lanka
Mahayana Buddhism: salvation religion. Buddha became a god, good and devout people can become bhoddisatvas: potential future Buddhas.

76. Mahayana Buddhism spread through India to China, East Asia
Emphasis on repetition of prayers and devotions: prayer flags, prayer wheels, printing.

80. Buddhism in the Subcontinent

82. Buddha’s head :
2c Pakistan

83. Mandala: Wheel of Life Motif

84. Indian Contact with outside World
Hinduism encouraged pilgrimages
Mixing of Aryans with indigenous cultures encouraged syncretism
331 BCE Alexander the Great marched to the edge of India
Greek and Indian culture began to intermix

85. Chandragupta Maurya 321-297 BCE
Conquered Northern India, Indus Valley
Established Mauryan Dynasty

87. Ashoka 272-232 BCE Last of the great Mauryan Emperors
Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early life
After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted to Buddhism

88. Ashoka became a vegetarian and renounced warfare
State would rule by right or law, not might
Religious toleration
Better treatment of women and lower castes
Encouaged Buddhist expansion throughout India and Asia

89. Asoka’s law code
Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan.
Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic.
10 rock edicts.
Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high.
Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

90. One of Asoka’s
Stupas

91. During Ashoka’s reign Buddhism became dominant in India and threatened to wipe out Hinduism
After Ashoka’s death, Hinduism revived and Buddhism declined

92. Reasons for India’s Religious Shift After Ashoka
Hindu syncretism: Brahmins accepted Buddha as god, encouraged devotional cults and small sacrifices (personal worship and prayer), loosened caste restrictions and enhanced the role of women
Buddhist withdrawal to monasteries, less active lives within India

93. Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India
Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.
He was following the path of the Buddha.
He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

94. India Under The Gupta Dynasty 320-550 CE
Hinduism dominant
Heavy rice cultivation in Ganges valley
Economic expansion due to Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade
Cultural Flowering
Indian cultural influence on Southeast Asia

97. International Trade Routes during the Guptas

98. Extensive Trade: 4c spices silks cotton goods rice & wheat spices
horses
gold & ivory
gold & ivory
cotton goods

99. Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.
Gupta Art
Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

100. 500 healing plants identified Printed medicinal guides
Gupta Achievements
1000 diseases classified
500 healing plants identified
Printed medicinal guides
Kalidasa
Literature
Plastic Surgery
Medicine
Inoculations
Gupta India
C-sections performed
Solar Calendar
Astronomy
Mathematics
Decimal System
The earth is round
PI =
Concept of Zero

101. Ajanta Cave

102. Ajanta Cave

103. Cave temple at Elephanta

104. Kalidasa, Gupta India’s greatest writer

105. The Classical Civilizations
Han China
Mauryan-Gupta India
Greco-Rome