2. Modes of Discourse

3. Narrative Intention is to present an event to the reader- what happened and how it happened. May be... –Short or long –Factual or imagined –May instruct and inform, or simply divert and amuse.

4. Expository Intention is to explain or expose something. ~ Function is to inform, to instruct, or to set forth ideas.

5. Expository Can be broken into 7 categories 1. Definition 2. Description 3. Example 4. Comparison/Contrast 5. Process Analysis 6. Classification 7. Causal Analysis

6. DEFINITION g Purpose: ©To set the boundaries, to delineate, to limit ©To determine the nature of ©To give the distinguishing characteristics of g Examples of definition questions: ©What is the law of the conservation of mass and energy? ©Explain loose connective tissue. ©What is the meaning of the term “value”? ©Define a sonnet.

7. DESCRIPTION g Purpose: ©To give a detailed account of ©To picture in words ©To trace the outline of g Examples of description questions: ©Describe the anti-heroic qualities of Holden Caulfield in A Catcher in the Rye. ©What is the layout of the brain? ©Portray the situation of the Roman government at the time of Julius Caesar’s assassination. ©What is the layout of the brain? What does this layout have to do with evolution?

8. EXAMPLE g Purpose: ©To select one thing to show the nature of the rest ©To describe a typical instance g Examples of example questions: ©Give an example of the use of first-person narrators in three of the stories we have read, and explain what the effect of the first-person narration is on each story. ©Illustrate how television advertisements often mislead the public. ©Discuss some of the disadvantages of advancing technology.

9. COMPARISON/CONTRAST g Purpose: ©To point out similarities ©To point out differences g Examples of comparison/contrast questions: ©Compare the visual imagery used in Emily Dickinson’s “A Narrow Fellow in the Grass” with that in D.H. Lawrence’s “The Snake.” ©Explain the differences in pecuniary income and psychic income. ©Contrast Christianity with Judaism ©Discuss the strategies of Spanish colonizers in contrast with those of English colonizers in the North America.

10. PROCESS ANALYSIS g Purpose: ©To explain how a procedure is carried out ©To follow the system of operations in the production of something ©To follow an action from beginning to end g Examples of process analysis questions: ©How is a lipid formed? ©Explain how the heart beats. ©What are the stages of alcoholism? ©How does communication take place?

11. CLASSIFICATION g Purpose: ©To categorize ©To arrange according to class or type g Examples of classification questions: ©List three types of specific neurotic reaction patterns and describe each briefly. ©What are the four forms of a protein? ©List three types of defense mechanisms and describe each briefly. ©According to transactional analysis, what are the types of psychological positions we can hold and how do these positions determine how we relate to others?

12. CAUSAL ANALYSIS g Purpose: ©to describe how a result or consequence came about ©to show the relationship between a cause and an effect g Examples of causal analysis questions: ©What are causes of World War I? ©Why does one age? ©What are some effects of watching violence on television? ©How can eating too little fat cause one to gain weight?

13. Argumentative Intention is to make the reader change his or her mind, attitude, point of view or feelings. ~ The terms “Argument” and “Persuasion” often used Interchangeably.

14. Argumentative Argument -- aims to win readers’ agreement with an assertion or claim by engaging their powers of reasoning.

15. Argumentative Persuasion – aims to influence readers’ action, or their support for an action, by engaging their beliefs and feelings.