1. --- Hephizibah Roskelly and David A. Jolliffee, Everyday Use
Rhetoric
The art of analyzing all the language choices that a writer, speaker or reader might make in a given situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective
--- Hephizibah Roskelly and David A. Jolliffee, Everyday Use

2. The Rhetorical Triangle
The Author (Rhetor) creates a persona
The Audience brings their knowledge, ideas, attitudes and beliefs
The Subject is debatable and supported

3. Appeals to the Audience Aristotle aught that persuasion happens because a rhetor makes three kind of appeals to the audience through his/her text.
Logos : by offering a clear, reasonable central idea (or set of ideas) and developing it with reasoning, examples or details
Ethos: by offering evidence that s/he is credible, knowledgeable, and good person who has the audience’s best interest in mind.
Pathos: by drawing on the emotions and interest of the audience so they will be sympathetically inclined to accept his or her ideas and arguments

4. Establishes a relationship with audience based on trust
Highlights the rhetor’s character and credentials
Suggests that rhetor and audience share common values or beliefs
Reveals that rhetor is a good, honest person
Invokes credible testimony

5. How does the text affect you emotionally? What parts? Why?
Pathos
How does the text affect you emotionally? What parts? Why?
Emotions are immediate and sensory, and the audience will respond more readily
While dramatic, they can be dangerous
Aristotle said rhetors should understand the emotions, “to know their causes and the way in which they are excited.”
Know thyself – and the audience

6. Logos: Logical Arguments
Examine the author’s Claim:
Is it reasonable?
Examine the author’s support
Statistics, charts, graphs
Factual evidence
Support from authorities

7. Reasoning Inductive: from the specific to the general
Deductive: from the general to the specific

8. Inductive Reasoning
Provides a number of examples (the specific) and draws a claim, in the form of a conclusion (generalization), from them.
The audience is expected to accept the group of examples as adequate. Can you make the leap from the examples (the specific ) to the general conclusion

9. Deductive Reasoning If something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all legitimate members of that class
Syllogism
1. Every X has the characteristic Y.
2. This thing is X.
3. Therefore, this thing has the characteristic Y.
Frogs are amphibians
The coqui is a frog native to Peru
The coqui is an amphibian

10. Context
Rhetorical transactions always take place in a context – time, place, events and motivating forces – that influences how the rhetor understands, analyzes and generates the persona, the appeals and the subject matter material.

11. Purpose (aim, purpose)
A rhetor’s intention is what he or she wants to happen as a result of the text, what he or she wants the audience to believe or do after hearing or reading the text.
It may be announced at the beginning, it may develop, or it may be implied.

12. Patterns of Development: Arrangement of Argument according to Purpose
To compare and contrast?
To narrate an event?
To define a term?
There are 8 logical ways to organize an entire text,
or more likely, individual paragraphs

13. Organizational Strategies
Narration: telling a story or recounting events
Description: using details that emphasize the senses
Definition: exploring or defining the meaning of a term
Exemplification: providing a series of examples
Cause and effect: analyzing the causes that lead to an effect or the effects from a cause
Comparison and contrast: juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and differences
Process analysis: how something works or how to do something
Classification: creating categories, breaking down into parts
(Usually a combination)