1. Modes of Rhetorical Development

2. Division or Analysis Terms are interchangeable Terms are interchangeable Allows you to slice a large or complicated subject into smaller parts that you can grasp and relate to one another Allows you to slice a large or complicated subject into smaller parts that you can grasp and relate to one another Allows you to comprehend – and communicate – the structure of things Allows you to comprehend – and communicate – the structure of things

3. Division or Analysis Allows you to find in the parts an idea or conclusion about the subject that makes it clearer, truer, more comprehensive, or more vivid than before you started Allows you to find in the parts an idea or conclusion about the subject that makes it clearer, truer, more comprehensive, or more vivid than before you started

4. Division or Analysis Figures in all methods of developing ideas, for it is basic to any concerted thought, explanation, or evaluation Figures in all methods of developing ideas, for it is basic to any concerted thought, explanation, or evaluation

5. Narration Tells a story Tells a story Can be used to: Can be used to: Explain Explain Illustrate a point Illustrate a point Report information Report information Argue Argue Persuade Persuade

6. Narration Anecdote: a short account of a single event; can be used to illustrate a point Anecdote: a short account of a single event; can be used to illustrate a point Narration helps to make an abstract argument concrete Narration helps to make an abstract argument concrete

7. Narration When considering telling a story, ask yourself: When considering telling a story, ask yourself: What happened? What happened? Who took part? Who took part? When? When? Where? Where? Why did this event take place? Why did this event take place? How did it happen? How did it happen?

8. Description Reports what you experience (in terms of your senses rather than as a story) Reports what you experience (in terms of your senses rather than as a story) Can be used to: Can be used to: Convey information without bias or emotion (objective description) Convey information without bias or emotion (objective description) To convey information with feeling (subjective description) To convey information with feeling (subjective description)

9. Description Description helps to make your argument/story concrete for the reader Description helps to make your argument/story concrete for the reader Allows the reader to identify with what you are writing about Allows the reader to identify with what you are writing about

10. Example Serves to illustrate a generalization Serves to illustrate a generalization Gives your reader a “for instance” Gives your reader a “for instance” Allows the reader to identify with what you are writing about Allows the reader to identify with what you are writing about Helps to make an abstract argument concrete Helps to make an abstract argument concrete

11. Compare and Contrast Aids in showing your reader why you prefer one thing over another Aids in showing your reader why you prefer one thing over another (such as in your argument essay, where you have to choose one side of an issue to support) (such as in your argument essay, where you have to choose one side of an issue to support)

12. Compare and Contrast Compare: Compare: points to similarities points to similarities Contrast: Contrast: points to differences points to differences Purpose of using this method: Purpose of using this method: Showing each of two subjects distinctly by considering both, side by side Showing each of two subjects distinctly by considering both, side by side Choosing between two things (evaluating the possibilities) Choosing between two things (evaluating the possibilities)

13. Compare and Contrast Organization: Organization: Subject by subject Subject by subject E.g. Cherry Tomatoes E.g. Cherry Tomatoes –Size –Colour –Texture Grape Tomatoes Grape Tomatoes –Size –Colour –Texture

14. Compare and Contrast Organization: Organization: Point by point Point by point E.g. Size E.g. Size –Cherry Tomatoes –Grape Tomatoes Colour Colour –Cherry Tomatoes –Grape Tomatoes Texture Texture –Cherry Tomatoes –Grape Tomatoes

15. Compare and Contrast Helps to make an abstract argument concrete Helps to make an abstract argument concrete

16. Process Analysis Explains step by step how to do something or how something is done Explains step by step how to do something or how something is done Takes a complex process and divides it into parts Takes a complex process and divides it into parts Tells us what happened first, second, third, and so on Tells us what happened first, second, third, and so on

17. Process Analysis Kinds of process analysis: Kinds of process analysis: Directive Directive Informative Informative

18. Process Analysis Directive: Directive: Explains how to do something or make something Explains how to do something or make something E.g. how to set the timer on the stove E.g. how to set the timer on the stove Informative: Informative: Explains how something is done or how it takes place Explains how something is done or how it takes place E.g. how the Grand Canyon came to be E.g. how the Grand Canyon came to be

19. Process Analysis Needs a thesis Needs a thesis What is the point of the process analysis? Why are you bothering to tell readers about it? What is the point of the process analysis? Why are you bothering to tell readers about it? Be sure to define any technical terms or jargon Be sure to define any technical terms or jargon Use time markers to note transitions in the process Use time markers to note transitions in the process I.e. First,... Next you add... I.e. First,... Next you add...

20. Process Analysis Helps to make an abstract argument concrete Helps to make an abstract argument concrete

21. Classification Makes sense of things by arranging many units into more manageable groups Makes sense of things by arranging many units into more manageable groups Sort things into groups or classes based on similarities and differences Sort things into groups or classes based on similarities and differences Must have a purpose (or why would you do it?) and principle of classification (how you form your groupings) reflects that purpose Must have a purpose (or why would you do it?) and principle of classification (how you form your groupings) reflects that purpose

22. Classification Useful when you want to impose order on a complex subject Useful when you want to impose order on a complex subject

23. Cause and Effect Asks why (or what if) something happened and what followed (or could follow) as a result Asks why (or what if) something happened and what followed (or could follow) as a result Considers reasons and results Considers reasons and results

24. Cause and Effect To help find causes of actions and events, ask: To help find causes of actions and events, ask: What act am I trying to explain? (act) What act am I trying to explain? (act) What is the character, personality, or mental state of whoever acted? (actor) What is the character, personality, or mental state of whoever acted? (actor) In what scene or location did the act take place, and in what circumstances? (scene) In what scene or location did the act take place, and in what circumstances? (scene) What instruments or means sis the person use?(agency) What instruments or means sis the person use?(agency) For what purposes did the person act? (purpose) For what purposes did the person act? (purpose)

25. Cause and Effect Be sure to state your purpose of using the cause and effect method in your thesis statement Be sure to state your purpose of using the cause and effect method in your thesis statement Helps to make an abstract argument concrete Helps to make an abstract argument concrete

26. Definition Short definition: Short definition: Used to clarify subject and subject terms for reader Used to clarify subject and subject terms for reader usually gives dictionary definition usually gives dictionary definition Stipulative definition: Stipulative definition: Fuller explanation of a central term that stipulates or specifies the particular way you are using the term Fuller explanation of a central term that stipulates or specifies the particular way you are using the term

27. Definition Extended definition: Extended definition: Application of a variety of methods already mentioned to clarify a purpose Application of a variety of methods already mentioned to clarify a purpose Tries to show a reader its subject Tries to show a reader its subject Established boundaries by differentiating the subject from anything that might be confused with it Established boundaries by differentiating the subject from anything that might be confused with it

28. Definition Helps to make an abstract argument concrete Helps to make an abstract argument concrete