1. PART 1 (through the end of WW1)
Chapter 19 Safe for Democracy: The United States and World War I, 1916–1920. .
PART 1 (through the end of WW1)

2. The United States and World War I, 1916–1920
The Spanish-American War made the United States an international empire. America’s empire was not territorial so much as it was economic and cultural. By 1914, the year World War I began, the United States made more than a third of the world’s manufactured goods, and its steel, oil, agricultural equipment and consumer goods inundated European markets.
Phillipines, Guam, Puerto Rico

3. The United States and World War I, 1916–1920
America’s increasing economic and cultural connections with the world led to elevated American military and political involvement. Between 1900 and 1920, many of the principles that guided American foreign policy for the rest of the twentieth century were formed, such as the “open door” policy that American trade, investment, information, and culture should flow freely to other nations and markets. Americans discussed their foreign policy in terms of freedom.

4. The United States and World War I, 1916–1920
Rhetorically, this was expressed in a widespread belief that America spread its power and influence in the world not out of narrow economic or strategic interests, but to promote universal ideals of liberty and democracy. Woodrow Wilson and his policy of “liberal internationalism” best represented this tendency, as Wilson believed that political freedoms would follow wherever American trade and investment flowed. World War I became the test for Wilson’s ideas and the Progressives who supported him and sought to make the war an opportunity to reform America and the world.

5. Map 19.3 Colonial Possessions, 1900
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6. An Era of Intervention: “I Took the Canal Zone.”
Progressive-Era presidents who expanded government power at home did so abroad as well. Initially, their interventions occurred in the *Western Hemisphere*, which the United States had made its *sphere to oversee in the Monroe Doctrine of 1823*. Between 1901 and 1920, U.S. Marines landed in Caribbean countries more than twenty times, usually to secure a better economic environment for American companies that wanted safe access to raw materials or bankers who wanted to ensure that loans were repaid.

7. An Era of Intervention: “I Took the Canal Zone.”
Roosevelt divided the world into “civilized” and “uncivilized” nations, and he believed the former were obliged to establish order in a chaotic world. Roosevelt was far more engaged in international diplomacy than his predecessors, and while he disclaimed any American interest in acquiring overseas territory, he ordered *multiple interventions in Central America*. His first major action was engineering the *separation of Panama from Colombia in order to build a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.*
“White man’s Burden”

8. An Era of Intervention: “I Took the Canal Zone.”
In 1903, when Colombia refused to cede land for the canal, *Roosevelt helped to launch an uprising in Panama*, and he deployed American gunboats to prevent the Colombian army from suppressing it. Having secured Panamanian independence and a treaty giving the United States the right to construct and operate a canal and sovereignty over the Canal Zone, Roosevelt launched one of the greatest construction and engineering projects in history. “I took the Canal Zone,” he later exclaimed. The project, finished in 1914, facilitated American and world trade by drastically cutting shipping times.
Able to connect the Atlantic and Pacific fleets

9. Map 19.1 The United States in The Caribbean, 1898-1934
Isthmus of Panama
Map 19.1 The United States in The Caribbean,
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
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10. Map 19.2 The Panama Canal Lone
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
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11. An Era of Intervention: The Roosevelt Corollary
*Roosevelt’s **interventionist foreign policy** came to be known as the **Roosevelt Corollary** to the Monroe Doctrine*. This policy expressed the right of the United States to exercise “*an international police power*” in the Western Hemisphere, allowing it, not just to prevent European intervention in the Americas, as the Monroe Doctrine specified, but also **forcibly to intervene whenever it deemed it necessary**
Crucial—must know this
Big Stick diplomacy//Monroe Doctrine on steroids

12. An Era of Intervention: The Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt feared that financial instability in the Americas simply invited European powers to intervene whenever they felt their investments were threatened. So, in 1904, Roosevelt invaded the Dominican Republic to ensure that its customs houses repaid debts to European and American investors. In 1906, he sent troops to Cuba to ensure stability after a disputed election; they stayed until 1909.
Pre-emptive MD

13. An Era of Intervention: President Taft and ‘Dollar Diplomacy’
Even President William Howard Taft sent Marines to Nicaragua to protect a government friendly to American economic interests, but he emphasized **economic investment and loans from banks*,* rather than direct military intervention, as the best means to spread American influence. This policy, known as *Dollar Diplomacy*, took shape in Taft’s efforts to shape the economies of Honduras, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and even Liberia.
Taft=$$ diplomacy
Roosevelt=Big stick diplomacy
WW=moral imperialism

14. An Era of Intervention: Moral Imperialism
The highly moralistic Woodrow Wilson brought a missionary zeal and sense of his own and America’s righteousness to foreign policy. He repudiated Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy and promised to respect Latin American independence and free it from economic domination. But Wilson believed the United States had a duty to instruct other nations in democracy and that American exports and investments spread American political ideals
Wm Howard Taft: Dollar Diplomacy
WW-”Moral imperialism”

15. An Era of Intervention: Moral Imperialism
For Wilson, American economic influence served a purpose higher than profit, and his “moral imperialism” made for more military interventions than any president before or since. He sent Marines to Haiti in 1915 and the Dominican Republic in 1916 to protect American financial interests; they stayed in the latter country until 1924, and in the former, until 1934.

16. An Era of Intervention: Wilson and Mexico
Woodrow Wilson was most involved in Mexico, where a 1911 revolution led by Francisco Madero overthrew Porfirio Diaz’s longstanding dictatorship. In 1913, without Wilson’s knowledge but with the support of the U.S. ambassador and America companies controlling Mexico’s oil and mines, military commander Victoriano Huerta assassinated Madero and seized power. Wilson was outraged, would not extend recognition, and vowed to *“teach” Latin Americans “to elect good men.”* When civil war erupted and Wilson sent troops to Vera Cruz to prevent arms shipments, they were met as invaders and attacked by Mexican troops
WW-Moral Imperialism—””we’ll teach you, by god, to do what we want. By force, if necessary!”

17. Woodrow Wilson and Intervention in Mexico
In 1916, after Mexican troops led by Pancho Villa killed Americans in a New Mexico town close to the border, Wilson ordered 10,000 American troops to invade northern Mexico to apprehend Villa.
Invades Mexico to catch PV

18. America and the Great War: Wilson, Neutrality and Preparedness
*In June 1914, the assassination in Bosnia of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, started a chain of events that engulfed Europe in the most devastating war the world had yet seen.*
WW1 completely overturned the old world order.

19. America and the Great War: Wilson, Neutrality and Preparedness
After initial German victories, the war became mired in a long stalemate of bloody and indecisive battles. New technologies, such as submarines, airplanes, machine guns, tanks, and poison gas, produced unprecedented slaughter. In the five-month battle of Verdun in 1916, some 600,000 French and German soldiers died.
Trench warfare/ seas of mud
Battles of Verdun, the Somme, Ypres (Passchendaele)

20. America and the Great War: Wilson, Neutrality and Preparedness
10 million soldiers and uncounted civilians, perished in the conflict, which was immediately followed by a global influenza epidemic that killed 21 million more.
The Great War inflicted a blow on the optimism and self-confidence of western civilization, whose philosophers and statesmen had long celebrated reason and progress.
The war also shocked the socialist and labor movements, which had valued international working-class solidarity over nationalism, only to see workers of different nations kill each other for their national governments.
Influenza killed mostly the young and healthy bec it created a hyper immune system response

21. America and the Great War: Wilson, Neutrality and Preparedness
**Americans were deeply divided over the war.**
Many Americans sided with Britain, associating it with liberty and democracy and Germany with repressive and aristocratic government. Others, particularly German and Irish-Americans, opposed supporting the British. Immigrants from Russia, especially Jews, also did not want America to support Russia and its czar, and the despotic Russia’s alliance with Britain and France made it hard to believe that the war was a conflict between democracy and autocracy
Many feminists, pacifists, and social reformers believed peace was necessary for reform at home, and they opposed American involvement.

22. America and the Great War: Wilson, Neutrality and Preparedness
Wilson at first proclaimed U.S. neutrality, but naval warfare disrupted American commerce and threatened America’s neutral stance.
In May 1914, German submarines sank the British liner *Lusitania*, killing nearly 1,200 passengers, including 124 Americans.
Wilson protested strongly, and Americans were outraged, giving support to those who urged America to prepare for war. Advocates of preparedness including Theodore Roosevelt and businessmen with ties to Britain, America’s greatest trading partner and recipient of more than $2 billion in wartime loans from U.S. banks. Wilson was strongly pro-British and called Germany a natural enemy of liberty, and by the end of 1915 ordered preparedness to begin.
WW-“He kept us out of war”—but not for long
TR never saw a fight he didn’t like

23. America and the Great War: The Road to War
In May 1916, Wilson’s preparedness policy seemed to have worked, as Germany suspended submarine warfare against noncombatants, allowing Americans to trade and travel freely without requiring military action.
“He kept us out of the war” became Wilson’s campaign slogan in the 1916 presidential election.
Maybe so, but not for v. long

24. America and the Great War: The Road to War
In fact, Wilson acted quickly. On January 22, 1917, Wilson called for “peace without victory” in Europe, and expressed his vision of a world order including freedom of the seas, restrictions on armaments, and self-determination for all nations, large and small.
However, Germany soon *resumed its submarine warfare against ships sailing to or from Great Britain and sunk several American merchant ships, gambling that it could starve Britain into submission before America intervened militarily.*
Moral imperialism
GERMANS MISCALCULATED

25. America and the Great War: The Road to War
Also, in March 1917, British spies made public the **Zimmermann Telegram**, a message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico asking it to declare war against the United States and regain its territory lost in the Mexican War.
So on April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked the Congress to declare war against Germany (which it did with a small minority of dissenters), in order to make the world “safe for democracy.”
Colossal error on the part of the Germans
Would have returned land won in the Mex-Am War to Mexico—the “Great Dismemberment.” At very least—Texas, New Mexico, and AZ

26. America and the Great War: The Fourteen Points
By the spring of 1918, when American troops arrived in Europe, the communist revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in Russia the previous November had led to the withdrawal of Russia from the war.
Russians out of war in 1917, enabled Germans to intensify efforts on the W. front and turn troops to w to join fight vs Brits and French. Americans arrive just in time to save the allies.

27. America and the Great War: The Fourteen Points
In January 1918, Wilson reassured the public that the war was a righteous cause by issuing the Fourteen Points, stating war aims and providing his vision of a new international order. This involved 1- self-determination for all nations, 2- freedom of the seas, 3- free trade, 4-open diplomacy, 5- the adjustment of colonial claims with the colonized, and 6-the establishment of a “general association of nations” to preserve peace.
Wilson believed this organization, which became the *League of Nations*, would act like the kinds of commissions Progressives had established in America for ensuring social harmony and protecting the weak.
14 pts loaded on spa//WW still trying to get American public fully on board.

28. America and the Great War: The Fourteen Points
By September 1917, nearly 1 million Americans helped turn the tide of the war and pushed German forces in retreat. On November 9, the German kaiser abdicated the throne, and two days later, Germany sued for peace. Over 100,000 Americans died, only 1 percent of the 10 million killed in the war.
Yes, but 1% is a lot when it’s not even your war to fight. 100,000 dead in a little over a year!!

29. Map 19.4 World War I: The Western Front
Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition
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